This article is about the reasons people remain ill with chronic Lyme disease even after taking one to two or even more years of herbal or prescription antibiotics. In my experience, this seems to be about 15 percent of people with chronic Lyme disease. The other 85 percent of people do have various degrees of recovery – most getting very well.
Lyme literate medical doctors (LLMDs) have very limited science to guide us about why treatment works or fails – and what the best treatment options are. The last United States National Institutes of Health funded human trials looking at treating Lyme were nearly 20 years ago. We do know from a study conducted by the MyLymeData project of LymeDisease.org that the best chance of recovery is provided by a year or more of antibiotics and working with an LLMD. You can read more about the MyLymeData studies, including those on alternative medicine outcomes versus antibiotic outcomes in What Works? Navigating Prescription & Alternative Medicine Lyme Treatments.
With the lack of human studies, most of the science I use to guide my treatment decisions comes from laboratory, non-human experiments. Fortunately, these experiments provide insights about herbal and prescription treatment options that can work in many. These experiments also provide a number of theories about what can work for treatment and why people do not recover even with long-term antibiotics.
How to Avoid Chronic Lyme Treatment Failure
Before I review the treatment failure theories, let’s discuss what steps you should take to have a successful Lyme recovery.
Kill Germs AND Correct All Body Wide Imbalances
Treating Lyme is complicated. The infection triggers an immune system cytokine reaction that affects most organs and systems of the body. In my experience, the great majority of people can recover if they address each of the steps in The Ross Lyme Support Protocol. This protocol is designed to kill Lyme and coinfection germs and to correct all of the sleep, immune system, detoxification, inflammation and hormonal imbalances created by Lyme. If your treatment did not work, but you only took herbal or prescription antibiotics alone, look at The Ross Lyme Support Protocol to see all of the areas you should have addressed that provide the best chance of recovery.
Find and Treat Mold Toxicity
Chronic mold toxicity looks just like chronic Lyme disease. Make sure you do not have this problem. And if you do – correct it. See Mold and Lyme Toxin Illness for more information.
Theories & Strategies About Lyme Treatment Failure
There are a number of theories why people remain ill even after getting rid of mold toxins and treating with a comprehensive regimen that kills germs and addresses all imbalances identified in The Ross Lyme Support Protocol. The reasons include:
- Borrelia (Lyme) persisters
- autoimmune disease triggered by the Lyme infection
- disruption of a healthy gut microbiome
- germ debris
- limbic system brain holding of the illness
- tissue damage from the infection
- chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction
- learned illness behavior and/or somatic disorder
Persisters
The Borrelia persisters theory is an in-vogue and relatively new idea about why treatments do not work. The idea is: under assault from antibiotics (RX or herbal) some of the Lyme germs go into a persister hibernation state. These persisters do not respond to regular antibiotics. We will have to see in time if addressing persisters does help to prevent or correct treatment failures. In my practice, all of my current treatments include antimicrobial approaches to address persisters.
For more information about persisters and how to address them see How to Treat Persister Lyme & Bartonella.
Autoimmune Disease
Through a process known as molecular mimicry, the immune system may attack tissues with protein and molecular parts that look just like parts of Lyme. At this time there is not a Lyme specific way to address this. But for some – using Low Dose Naltrexone (LDN) can regulate or reverse the autoimmune attack.
For more information about LDN see Low Dose Naltrexone (LDN) & Lyme.
Disruption of Healthy Gut Microbiome
Treating Lyme with herbal or prescription antibiotics disturbs the healthy balance of good germs and microbes in the gut. The germs that live in the intestines are called the gut microbiome. These include healthy bacteria, viruses, parasites, yeasts and fungae. To put the amount of microbes in perspective, over 90 percent of the genetic material in human bodies come from the microbes in the gut!
We allow these germs to live in us because they serve a purpose. Studies show these microbes regulate the immune system, signal healthy brain function, digest food, remove toxins and things we are allergic to and provide many other healthy body regulating functions.
The theory is antibiotics disturb the healthy gut microbiome leading to ongoing body-wide illness. It is not clear yet how best to address this issue or if the gut disruption really does cause ongoing illness.
One treatment option is to create a healthy gut microbiome using probiotics. Another one is to replace the dysfunctional microbiome through a stool transplant – also called fecal microbiota transplant (FMT). However, FMT is regulated by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). At present it is only allowed for treatment of C. difficile bacteria overgrowth in the intestines. And there has not been any research done about whether it could change the outcome of those with chronic Lyme disease.
Treating Lyme is about balancing risks and benefits. The benefit of using herbal and prescription antibiotics is decreasing or eliminating the Lyme or coinfection (like Bartonella or Babesia) germs leading to improved health. But the risk of doing so is disturbing the gut microbiome.
See Probiotic Strategies in Lyme Disease Treatment for information about probiotics and C. Difficile Diarrhea: Prevention & Treatment for more information about FMT.
Germ Debris
The immune system is supposed to break down and get rid of dead germs and their parts including DNA, RNA, proteins and fats. One theory why people remain ill is that the immune system does not get rid of all the borrelia germ debris. The debris triggers an ongoing immune inflammatory response. At this time there is not a treatment I am aware of for this possible problem.
Limbic System Brain Holding of The Illness
The limbic system is a part of the brain that regulates our emotional responses and behaviors. This includes fight-or-flight responses, fear, and survival behaviors like feeding the young and reproduction.
For some in Lyme the limbic system becomes overly reactive leading to a brain holding of illness. This causes some of the ongoing symptoms like pain or even fatigue. Much of this is unconscious.
There are a number of programs that can help reprogram the limbic system brain holding of the illness. Two of the more popular programs are the Gupta Program and Annie Hopper Dynamic Neural Retraining System. Many of my patients have found benefit from these practices. Short of doing these programs, developing a meditative mindfulness practice can help too. Counseling may also help to decrease emotional reactivity.
Tissue Damage
Another theory is Lyme and the immune reaction to it lead to ongoing tissue damage and injury even when the infection is gone or under control. This leads to pain, neurologic and brain dysfunction, mitochondria cell energy factory dysfunction and even immune dysfunction.
My current approach to repairing muskuloskeletal tissue injury and peripheral nerve injury is to use the peptide BPC-157. For brain injury I also add the peptide Cerebrolysin. See Repair & Restore with Peptides in Lyme Disease or Mold Toxin Illness for more information about peptides and BPC-157. For people with low energy I work to repair the mitochondria. See How to Fix Mitochondria & Get Energy in Lyme Disease.
Chronic Inflammation and Immune Dysfunction
Under this theory, Lyme infection sets off an ongoing immune inflammation reaction that takes on a life of its own – causing more inflammation and immune dysfunction. One reason this could happen is due to an imbalance between what is known as Th1 and Th2/Th17 parts of the immune system. Th1 is made up of immune cells that attack germs like T white blood cells and macrophages. Th1 is the immune system offense squad. Th2/Th17 is made up of B white blood cells that make antibodies, mast cells involved in allergies and histamine production, and immune barrier cells that line the mucous and skin membranes designed to keep germs out. Think of Th2/Th17 as the immune system defensive squad. If Th2 and Th17 get too active they release inflammatory cytokines that lead to many ongoing Lyme type symptoms and they can suppress Th1 and its germ fighting abilities.
In my practice I work with LDN I mentioned above to increase TReg cells that create balance between Th1 and Th2/Th17. Another option is to use the peptide TB4 Frag. For more information about these treatment options see Repair & Restore with Peptides in Lyme Disease or Mold Toxin Illness and Low Dose Naltrexone (LDN) & Lyme.
Learned Illness Behavior and/or Somatic Illness
These are two psychological conditions. I list them here to be thorough, but I am concerned that many non-LLMDs use these diagnoses to say Lyme disease is in a person’s head instead of acknowledging and treating them for a physical illness. In my experience, it is a rare person with chronic Lyme that has one of these conditions contributing to their illness. Counseling is helpful if one of these occurs.
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