Archive for the ‘research’ Category

Batch-Dependent Safety Signal: Nationwide Analysis of Suspected Adverse Events After COVID Shot in Germany

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/09246479261453789

Batch-dependent safety signal: Nationwide analysis of suspected adverse events following COVID-19 vaccination in Germany

Vibeke Manniche vibeke@vibekemanniche.dkVít Karásek https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1638-2778[…], and Peter Riis Hansen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9056-535X+3View all authors and affiliations

Abstract
Background

Preliminary reports have suggested a batch-dependent safety signal for COVID-19 vaccines. It is important to establish if these findings can be replicated.

Methods

We used publicly available nationwide data from Germany spanning the first 3.5 years of the vaccination campaign to calculate weekly rates of spontaneously reported suspected adverse events (SAEs) per 1000 administered vaccine doses.

Results

SAE rates ranged between 2.2 and 22.8 per 1000 doses and women accounted for 72% of all SAEs. Crucially, SAE rates for Comirnaty (Pfizer-BioNTech), Spikevax (Moderna), and Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca) were very high in the initial phase of vaccination rollout and hereafter declined precipitously. For example, SAE rates in weeks 1–4 of 2021 were 8.2, 50.8, and 620.9 per 1000 doses of Comirnaty, Spikevax, and Vaxzevria, respectively, but fell to 4.4, 11.6, and 7.4 per 1000 doses in weeks 12–16 of 2021.

Conclusions

SAE rates in Germany were highly elevated in the initial phase of COVID-19 vaccination rollout and then fell precipitously, a pattern compatible with a batch-dependent safety signal. Furthermore, there was a considerable overrepresentation of women with SAEs. These preliminary results call for more definitive studies of batch-dependent COVID-19 vaccine safety

Vineyard Gazette: Scientists Study Martha’s Vineyard to Get to Root of Chronic Lyme

https://www.change.org/p/the-us-senate-calling-for-a-congressional-investigation-of-the-cdc-idsa-and-aldf/u/34959511

Vinyard Gazette: Scientists Study Martha’s Vineyard to Get to Root of Chronic Lyme

Carl TuttleHudson, NH, United States

Jul 13, 2026

God forbid we find better antimicrobials for treating Lyme disease because that would give the public an excuse not to take the Lyme vaccine soon to be released!!!

—– Forwarded Message —–
From: CARL TUTTLE <runagain@comcast.net>
To: egenter@vineyardgazette.com <egenter@vineyardgazette.com>; bill@vineyardgazette.com <bill@vineyardgazette.com>; news@vineyardgazette.com <news@vineyardgazette.com>
Cc: linden.hu@tufts.edu <linden.hu@tufts.edu>; cseguin@partners.org <cseguin@partners.org>; jayanta.bhattacharya@nih.hhs.gov <jayanta.bhattacharya@nih.hhs.gov>; Stephanie.Haridopolos@hhs.gov <stephanie.haridopolos@hhs.gov>; kalachakra108@aol.com <kalachakra108@aol.com>; kbliegnermd@optonline.net <kbliegnermd@optonline.net>
Sent: Tuesday, June 30, 2026 at 02:26:37 PM EDT
Subject: Vinyard Gazette: Scientists Study Martha’s Vineyard to Get to Root of Chronic Lyme

Vinyard Gazette
Scientists Study Martha’s Vineyard to Get to Root of Chronic Lyme
https://vineyardgazette.com/news/2026/06/28/scientists-study-marthas-vineyard-get-root-chronic-lyme
By Ethan Genter June 28, 2026

Excerpt:
“We don’t really have any idea,” said Dr. Linden Hu, an infectious disease specialist at Tufts who is helping lead the research. “We had the same hypotheses we had 30 years ago with no clear .
“People are recruited when they have the tell-tale rash – one of the earliest signs of Lyme disease.”

Vineyard Gazette
Edgartown, MA
Attn: Ethan Genter, News Editor

Dear Ethan,
Please see the following eleven articles published in the peer-reviewed literature on dapsone combination therapy for Lyme disease and the MSIDS model. Does Dr. Hu really not know about them, or dismisses Dr. Horowitz’ results because it’s not based on a randomized trial? It is interesting that Tufts received millions of dollars of research money from the NIH and Horowitz couldn’t get a 250k grant approved for a randomized, multicenter trial. More on that found here:

Dr. Jay Bhattacharya; Fund Dr. Richard Horowitz’ R34 NIH grant on Dapsone treatment for Lyme disease
https://www.change.org/p/the-us-senate-calling-for-a-congressional-investigation-of-the-cdc-idsa-and-aldf/u/34365550

As for Hu’s research, it is focusing on the acute or early stage of the disease while patients who are the sickest went years or decades before obtaining a diagnosis ignoring the late-stage Lyme epidemic seen all across this nation. What academic discipline would Hu encounter if he focused on better antimicrobials???
11 Dapsone Articles on The Effective Treatment of Chronic LD & Associated Co-infections Including Bartonella: As of April 2026
Horowitz, R. Improving biomarkers of inflammation including phosphorylated tau in a patient with chronic Lyme disease/post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome using dapsone combination therapy: A case study and literature review. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease Reports. April 27, 2026. DOI: 10.1177/25424823261445434 https://journals.sagepub.com/…/10.1177/25424823261445434
Horowitz, R.I.; Fallon, J.; Freeman, P.R. Combining Double-Dose and High-Dose Pulsed Dapsone Combination Therapy for Chronic Lyme Disease/Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome and Co-Infections, Including Bartonella: A Report of 3 Cases and a Literature Review. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 909. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12050909
Horowitz, R.I.; Fallon, J.; Freeman, P.R. Comparison of the Efficacy of Longer versus Shorter Pulsed High Dose Dapsone Combination Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Lyme Disease/Post Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome with Bartonellosis and Associated Coinfections. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 2301. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11092301
Horowitz RI, Freeman PR. Efficacy of Short-Term High Dose Pulsed Dapsone Combination Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Lyme Disease/Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS) and Associated Co-Infections: A Report of Three Cases and Literature Review. Antibiotics. 2022; 11(7):912. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11070912
https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/11/7/912/htm
Horowitz, R.I.; Freeman, P.R. Efficacy of Double-Dose Dapsone Combination Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Lyme Disease/Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS) and Associated Co-infections: A Report of Three Cases and Retrospective Chart Review. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 725. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9110725
Horowitz, R.I., Murali, K., Gaur, G. et al. Effect of dapsone alone and in combination with intracellular antibiotics against the biofilm form of B. burgdorferi. BMC Res Notes 13, 455 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-05298-6
https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/…/s13104-020
Horowitz, R.I.; Freeman, P.R. Precision Medicine: retrospective chart review and data analysis of 200 patients on dapsone combination therapy for chronic Lyme disease/post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome: part 1. International Journal of General Medicine 2019:12 101–119
https://www.dovepress.com/precision-medicine
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30863136
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30863136
Horowitz, R.I.; Freeman, P.R. Precision Medicine: The Role of the MSIDS Model in Defining, Diagnosing, and Treating Chronic Lyme Disease/Post Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome and Other Chronic Illness: Part 2. Healthcare 2018, 6, 129.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30400667
Horowitz RI, Freeman PR (2016) Are Mycobacterium Drugs Effective for Treatment Resistant Lyme Disease, Tick-Borne Co-Infections, and Autoimmune Disease?. JSM Arthritis 1(2): 1008.
Horowitz RI, Freeman PR (2016) The Use of Dapsone as a Novel “Persister” Drug in the Treatment of Chronic Lyme Disease/Post Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome. J Clin Exp Dermatol Res 7: 345. doi:10.4172/2155-9554.1000345
Tardo AC, McDaniel CE and Embers ME (2023). Superior efficacy of combination antibiotic therapy versus monotherapy in a mouse model of Lyme disease. Front. Microbiol. 14:1293300. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1293300
https://www.frontiersin.org/…/fmicb.2023.1293300/full
Dapsone documentary 2024:
https://drtalks.com/…/discover-healing-18-dapsone…/
Dapsone documentary 2025:
https://drtalks.com/…/dapsone-documentary-9-stories-of
Dr. H Podcast with Dr Alain Mass and Dr Charlie Bizilj on The Success of Dapsone Combination Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Lyme Disease. May 21, 2025
https://us06web.zoom.us/…/TSVaYe6azIti
Passcode: &0yqten0
Dr. Horowitz has a new book and website, which has the 2000+ scientific references in Ending Chronic Illness listed on the site for review.
https://cangetbetter.com/

Respectfully Submitted,
Carl Tuttle
Independent Researcher
Hudson, NH
Cc:
-Dr. Linden Hu, Professor of Immunology at Tufts Medical School
-Claire Seguin, DNP, President and Chief Operating Officer of Martha’s Vineyard Hospital
-Bill Eville, Editor Vinyard Gazette
-Stephanie E. Haridopolos, MD, DABFM Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for Health
-Jay Bhattacharya, Director of the National Institutes of Health
-Dr. Richard Horowitz, MD Board certified internist in private practice in Hyde Park, New York
-Dr. Kenneth B. Liegner Board Certified Internist with additional training in Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, practicing in Pawling, New York.
Paralyzed by Lyme, they were helped with combo treatments (please read!!!)
https://www.change.org/p/the-us-senate-calling-for-a-congressional-investigation-of-the-cdc-idsa-and-aldf/u/31772769

Sign this petition

Exclusive: Sen. Ron Johnson Demands Journal Turn Over Records Related to SIDs and Vaccines Study

https://childrenshealthdefense.org/defender/exclusive-sen-ron-johnson-demands-journal-turn-over-records-related-sids-vaccines-study/

Exclusive: Sen. Ron Johnson Demands Journal Turn Over Records Related to SIDs and Vaccines Study

In a letter made public today, Sen. Ron Johnson called on the editor-in-chief of Toxicology Reports and the CEO of Elsevier, which owns the journal, to release all records related to the decision to remove vaccine researcher Neil Z. Miller’s peer-reviewed analysis of VAERS data showing that many more SIDS reports were filed in VAERS in the first few days after vaccination compared to later on after vaccination.

by Suzanne Burdick, Ph.D.

June 30, 2026

This article was originally published by The Defender — Children’s Health Defense’s News & Views Website.

screenshot of removed journal and question mark

Sen. Ron Johnson (R-Wis.) is demanding to know why a 2021 peer-reviewed paper that presented data suggesting a possible link between vaccination and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) was recently removed from the Toxicology Reports website.

In a letter dated June 29 and made public today, Johnson called on the editor-in-chief of Toxicology Reports and the CEO of Elsevier, which owns the journal, to release all records related to the decision to remove vaccine researcher Neil Z. Miller’s analysis: “Vaccines and sudden infant death: An analysis of the VAERS database 1990-2019 and review of the medical literature.”

The analysis showed that from 1990 to 2019, many more SIDS reports were filed in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) in the first few days after vaccination compared to later on after vaccination.

The paper also included a comprehensive review of the scientific literature on vaccines and SIDS, including documentation of large increases in SIDS rates following the rollout of national immunization campaigns and numerous case reports of SIDS in babies who were recently vaccinated.

Toxicology Reports published Miller’s analysis in June 2021 after it passed the peer-review process.

Johnson, who recently held a hearing about attacks on published science, noted that Miller’s paper had been criticized on PubPeer, a platform critics have nicknamed “PubSmear.”

He also noted that on June 11, U.S. Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. also wrote to Toxicology Reports’ editor-in-chief demanding details about the process leading up to the journal’s removal of Miller’s analysis.

https://platform.twitter.com/embed/Tweet.html?dnt=false&embedId=twitter-widget-0&features=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%3D%3D&frame=false&hideCard=false&hideThread=false&id=2066551769006538847&lang=en&origin=https%3A%2F%2Fchildrenshealthdefense.org%2Fdefender%2Fexclusive-sen-ron-johnson-demands-journal-turn-over-records-related-sids-vaccines-study%2F&sessionId=a739383cf1b21df5bc27759283ab5e09d07bd182&siteScreenName=ChildrensHD&theme=light&widgetsVersion=6a3ad42b224df%3A1778106238597&width=550px

Kennedy also asked the journal to clarify why it opted to remove the article, rather than issue an expression of concern or a retraction.

‘No one has engaged with the data. They simply made the paper disappear.’

On April 9, Toxicology Reports posted a removal notice for Miller’s article, citing “serious methodological flaws.”

Miller told The Defender why he believes the removal was unjustified. He said:

“The core findings of my paper — the temporal clustering of infant deaths in the immediate post-vaccination window, the historical SIDS rate spike following the national immunization campaign, the full literature review — remain unrefuted.

“No one has engaged with the data. They simply made the paper disappear. That should concern every parent, every researcher, and anyone who believes science advances through open inquiry rather than institutional gatekeeping.”

According to the notice, the editor-in-chief decided to remove Miller’s analysis because it used VAERS data “to infer a correlation between vaccination and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).”

However, Miller said he never claimed a causal relationship between vaccination and SIDS. He said:

“My paper stated plainly: ‘While this paper does not prove an association between infant vaccines and sudden infant deaths, it reveals unusual patterns and safety signals highly suggestive of a causal relationship.’ I called for further investigation — nothing more.”

The journal launched an investigation into the article after PubPeer commenters criticized Miller’s paper starting in November 2021.

Some comments cited criticism posted on X by Magdalen R. Wind-Mozley, a former forensic scientist and vaccine advocate based in Newbury, England, who posts under the username “Rosewind,” Retraction Watch reported.

According to Retraction Watch, Wind-Mozley contacted the journal in 2022 to call for the article’s retraction.

COVID Justice Resolution: Sign the Resolution

The journal notified Miller about concerns raised by the commenters. According to the removal notice, “The Editor-in-Chief determined that the author’s response did not satisfactorily address the concerns raised about this article.”

However, Miller tells a different account of how things unfolded. He said:

“Neither Dr. Lash (Toxicology Reports) nor Dr. Papi (Elsevier) ever specified what the alleged methodological flaws were. From subsequent correspondence, I gathered their concern likely centered on reporting bias — an issue I had already explicitly addressed in the paper’s ‘Strengths and Limitations’ section.”

Since Miller had already acknowledged the critics’ concern — reporting bias — as a limitation of the study when it was first published, on what grounds did the journal remove it?

That’s a question that needs answering, Miller said. “I am deeply appreciative of Senator Ron Johnson and Secretary Kennedy for their efforts to get to the root of this problem.”

In his letter, Johnson cited a grieving mother who lost her child to SIDS. The mother said every parent at her SIDS support group brought up vaccines.

According to Johnson, the mother said, “We were all asking our SIDS support group leader, you know, is there a connection? Just seems like all of us feel like vaccines are involved.”

Johnson wrote:

“We owe it to this mother and all parents that have lost a child to SIDS to encourage and promote — instead of discourage and remove — medical research into the potential connection between vaccines and pediatric deaths.”

Miller’s paper cited possible biological explanations for why vaccination might cause SIDS in some babies, including inflammatory cytokines and some babies’ inability to process the toxicity of multiple vaccines given at once.

A 2025 study published in the International Journal of Medical Sciences found that underdeveloped liver enzyme pathways in some infants may make it harder for them to process toxic ingredients in vaccines, possibly leading to SIDS.

“I suspect this amplified visibility, and the attendant fear of increased vaccine hesitancy, was instrumental in the decision to pull the article,” he said.

Brian Hooker, Ph.D., Children’s Health Defense (CHD) chief scientific officer, called Johnson’s letter “extremely encouraging and timely” given the lack of transparency surrounding the removal of Miller’s paper.

In April, Sage Journals notified Hooker that it is investigating a 2020 article he co-authored with Miller comparing health outcomes between vaccinated and unvaccinated children following criticisms on PubPeer.

Sage stamped Hooker and Miller’s article with an “expression of concern” as it conducts its review.

Given these recent attacks on studies that raise questions about the safety of vaccines, Hooker said he was “heartened that both Sen. Johnson and Secretary Kennedy are investigating the very real threats of censorship of robust vaccine safety science.”

“Unlike their predecessors, these officials are interested in promoting scientific inquiry for the best health of our nation, rather than Big Pharma dogma focused on profits and institutions,” Hooker said.

Miller said he hopes that “credible research is evaluated on its merits, and that articles are not removed or retracted solely because their findings are controversial or challenge prevailing views.”

Suzanne Burdick, Ph.D.

Suzanne Burdick, Ph.D.

Suzanne Burdick, Ph.D., is a senior reporter for The Defender based in Austin, Texas.

This article was originally published by The Defender — Children’s Health Defense’s News & Views Website under Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Please consider subscribing to The Defender or donating to Children’s Health Defense.

__________________

**Comment**

It’s important to remember there are NO ICD CODES in the database to signify deaths caused by vaccines. They do not exist. Coroners simply can not designate a death to vaccines even if the evidence is crystal clear. This means all deaths due to vaccines are designated to something else. SIDS is the most common designation and remains the leading cause of death among infants in the U.S.

Let that sink in a moment.

The leading cause of infant death could very well be caused directly from vaccines but we will never know because of the fraudulent reporting system (similar to Lyme/MSIDS) as well as to being such a hotly contested topic nobody has the cajones to study it and engage with the data. It’s a hot potato and no researcher in his right mind would take that beast on.

Yet…..that’s exactly what a researcher did.

In fact it was even peer-reviewed and published, until it was recently removed. POOF!

That seems to be how ‘the powers that be’ deal with inconvenient data. It gets disappeared.

This tactic was also used with:

  • Dr. Andrew Wakefield’s article about autism and vaccines. They completely destroyed his career AND retracted his paper.
  • Judy Mikovitz’s paper showing retroviral contamination in vaccines. Besides unjustly throwing her in jail without a search warrant, they destroyed her career and retracted her article.
  • Researchers destroying evidence suggesting African-American males who received the MMR vaccine before age 36 months were at increased risk for autism.

And the list goes on. You simply will not survive the medical/research field if you dare to question vaccine dogma. It isn’t tolerated.

And please, don’t trust doctors who receive barely enough education to read vaccine package inserts to give vaccine advice. They receive kickbacks for pushing vaccines at Wellness Visits.

‘Bad Batch’ Vaccine Study: Some Batches Drove 80X Adverse Reactions

https://drdrew.com/2026/new-vaccine-study-some-batches-drove-80x-bad-reactions-says-danish-md-rare-diseases-expert-ask-dr-drew/

‘Bad Batch’ Vaccine Study: Some Batches Drove 80x Adverse Reactions, Says Danish MD & Rare Diseases Expert – Ask Dr. Drew

  • June 25, 2026

with Dr. Vibeke Maniche, Michael Pack & Rand Courtney

A new peer-reviewed study of nationwide German data finds suspected adverse-event reports for COVID-19 vaccines were sharply elevated in the earliest weeks of rollout, then fell suddenly. The authors call it a possible batch-dependent safety signal. Danish physician Dr. Vibeke Manniche, the study’s lead author and the only Danish doctor to speak out publicly against lockdow’ns from the start, joins to break down the findings.

Published in the International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine, the analysis covers the first three and a half years of Germany’s vaccination campaign. For one product, early-rollout reporting rates were roughly 80 times higher than the rates seen just weeks later.

Dr. Manniche also makes the case for why the US could learn from Denmark’s childhood vaccine schedule. Filmmaker Michael Pack, president of Palladium Pictures, discusses their new WSJ Opinion documentary “The Lockdown Dissidents.” Director Rand Courtney speaks on “La Lucha: Getting Schooled in America,” which follows five teens through poverty, trauma, and a broken school system. Dr. Drew is featured in the film.


For more:

There’s a New Type of Lyme Disease in NY. OY.

https://medicaldetective.substack.com/p/theres-a-new-type-of-lyme-disease-in-new-york-state-oy

There’s A New Type of Lyme disease in New York State. Oy.

Richard Horowitz

Jun 10, 2026

There are very few headlines that catch my eye. This one was surprising but not unexpected, since ticks are known to spread via travel on birds (and air travel has become more expensive these days, as I just found out after booking several flights). Here is the news release that made me pay more attention:

https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/lyme-disease-rare-type-found-first-time-new-york-symptoms-severe-rcna348491

So what exactly is the ‘new type of Lyme disease (LD)’? It’s a strain of LD that is not normally found in NY State. Its Borrelia mayonii. The CDC just reported on it in their MMWR report. Here is a brief summary:

[From: Nafiz TN, Prusinski MA, Gubbala S, et al. Notes from the Field: Borrelia mayonii Lyme Disease — New York, 2025. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2026;75:271–272. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7521a2]

This is an important case study, because B. mayonii clinically presents differently than an infection with Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), so we need to understand how to properly diagnose and treat it if it is being found in new areas. (See link for article)

________________

**Comment**

Dr. Horowitz points out that the rash with B. mayonii is not the ‘classic’ rash seen with Bb, which isn’t so classic either, and highly variable – although it’s completely diagnostic, proving infection – no testing even required. If you have the rash, you are infected, period.

But there is concern for more severe systemic illness with B. mayonii due to a high level of spirochetes in the blood.

For more: