Archive for the ‘research’ Category

Cellular Blueprint of MS Lesions

https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-scientists-build-cellular-blueprint-multiple-sclerosis-lesions

Friday, September 10, 2021

NIH scientists build a cellular blueprint of multiple sclerosis lesions

Study lays the groundwork for potential new therapies for progressive multiple sclerosis.
An MRI scan of a human brain with multiple sclerosis Mapping multiple sclerosis lesions. Researchers used single-cell RNA sequencing to map the cells found at the edges of chronic MS lesions.Reich lab, NIH/NINDS.

Chronic lesions with inflamed rims, or “smoldering” plaques, in the brains of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) have been linked to more aggressive and disabling forms of the disease. Using brain tissue from humans, researchers at the National Institutes of Health’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) built a detailed cellular map of chronic MS lesions, identifying genes that play a critical role in lesion repair and revealing potential new therapeutic targets for progressive MS. The study was published in Nature.

“We identified a set of cells that appear to be driving some of the chronic inflammation seen in progressive MS,” said Daniel Reich, M.D., Ph.D., senior investigator at NINDS. “These results give us a way to test new therapies that might speed up the brain’s healing process and prevent brain damage that occurs over time.”

Chronic active lesions are characterized by a slow, expanding rim of immune cells called microglia. Microglia normally help protect the brain, but in MS and other neurodegenerative diseases, they can become overactive and secrete toxic molecules that damage nerve cells. Other cells found at the edge of the lesions, such as astrocytes and lymphocytes, may also contribute to ongoing tissue damage. Prior studies suggest that microglia are the main culprits behind lesion expansion, but the exact types of cells found near lesions and their biological mechanisms are elusive.

To better understand MS lesions, Dr. Reich and his colleagues used single-cell RNA sequencing, a powerful technique which enables researchers to catalog gene activity patterns in individual cells, to examine post-mortem brain tissue of five MS patients and three healthy controls. Samples were provided by the Netherlands Brain Bank, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and the NINDS Neuroimmunology Clinic.

“Single-cell RNA sequencing technology allows us to do a much deeper dive into the types of cells present in MS lesions,” said Dr. Reich.

By analyzing the gene activity profiles of over 66,000 cells from human brain tissue, researchers created the first comprehensive map of cell types involved in chronic lesions, as well as their gene expression patterns and interactions.

Dr. Reich’s team found a great diversity of cell types in the tissue surrounding chronic active lesions compared to normal tissue, and a high proportion of immune cells and astrocytes at the active edges of those lesions. Microglia comprised 25% of all immune cells present at the lesion edges.

“Our dataset is very rich. The beauty of having such a detailed map is that now we have a better understanding of the entire network of cells involved in smoldering inflammation,” said Martina Absinta, M.D., Ph.D., a former post-doctoral fellow in Dr. Reich’s lab and current adjunct assistant professor at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, who led the study.

More detailed analyses revealed that the gene for complement component 1q (C1q), an important and evolutionarily ancient protein of the immune system, was expressed mainly by a subgroup of microglia responsible for driving inflammation, suggesting that it may contribute to lesion progression.

To determine the function of C1q, researchers knocked out the gene in the microglia of mouse models of MS and examined the brain tissue for signs of neuroinflammation. In mice lacking microglial C1q, they found significantly decreased tissue inflammation compared to control animals. Additionally, in another group of animals, blocking C1q reduced iron-containing microglia, revealing a potential new therapeutic avenue to treat chronic brain inflammation in MS and related neurodegenerative diseases.

According to the authors, it’s possible that targeting C1q in human microglia could halt MS lesions in their tracks.

In MS, the immune system attacks myelin, a protective layer that forms around nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, leading to vision loss, muscle weakness, problems with balance and coordination, fatigue, numbness, and other debilitating symptoms. A subset of people develop progressive MS, resulting in extensive brain tissue damage and disability. Anti-inflammatory medications help patients manage their symptoms by dampening the responses of immune cells in the blood and lymph nodes. But treatments are not as effective for patients with chronic lesions who experience ongoing brain tissue inflammation.

“We have terrific therapies that block new inflammation but nothing to stop the inflammation that’s already there,” said Dr. Reich. “In order to make strides in developing new therapies for progressive MS, we’re going to need to pick apart the cellular and molecular mechanisms one by one.”

In 2019, Dr. Reich and his team reported that damaging, chronic active lesions may be a hallmark of progressive MS. The current study identifies microglia and C1q as promising targets for progressive MS and supports the use of chronically inflamed rim lesions as an MRI biomarker for disease progression.

There is no cure for MS, and no therapies that directly treat chronic active lesions. By gaining a deeper understanding of lesion features, this study may help pave the way toward early clinical trials to test new therapies for this aspect of the disease.

This study was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program at the NINDS.

NINDS is the nation’s leading funder of research on the brain and nervous system. The mission of NINDS is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease.

About the National Institutes of Health (NIH): NIH, the nation’s medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit www.nih.gov.

NIH…Turning Discovery Into Health®

Article

Absinta et al. A lymphocyte-microglia-astrocyte axis in chronic active multiple sclerosis. Nature, September 8, 2021 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03892-7(link is external)

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For more:

Category:

Inflammation, Lyme, research

Open Letter to Governors and Congressmen in Lyme Endemic Areas

https://www.change.org/p/the-us-senate-calling-for-a-congressional-investigation-of-the-cdc-idsa-and-aldf

Open letter to Governors and Congressmen in Lyme endemic areas

Carl Tuttle

Hudson, NH, United States

Sep 9, 2021 — 

Please see the latest email below sent to the Chair of the NH Lyme Disease Study Commission…

———- Original Message ———-

From: CARL TUTTLE runagain@comcast.net
To: Leah Cushman <Leah.Cushman@leg.state.nh.us>, Jerry Knirk Jerry.Knirk@leg.state.nh.us
Cc: All members of the NH Lyme Disease Study Commission
Date: 09/08/2021 9:10 AM
Subject: Dr. Paul H. Duray Pathology Fellowship; Open letter to  Governors and Congressmen in Lyme endemic areas

To Members of the Lyme Disease Study Commission,Autopsy results are painting an entirely different picture of disease from what our public health officials have been propagating; “hard to catch and easily treated”

This deception, (for the sake of a vaccine) has caused untold pain and suffering as persistent infection after extensive antibiotic treatment has been denied for three decades. A chronic relapsing seronegative disease did not fit the vaccine model.

Please see the following Open Letter from Tom Grier, Pathology Study Coordinator from the Dr. Paul H. Duray Pathology Fellowship:

A copy of this letter can be downloaded from my personal Dropbox storage area:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/gre4ej07f2p3jd5/congress4pageLTR.pdf?dl=0

_______________________________________

Dr. Paul H. Duray Pathology Fellowship
Thomas M. Grier MS (Pathology Study Coordinator)
902 Grand View Ave
Duluth MN 55812-1146
218-216-5670
donatebrain@gmail.com

Open letter to  Governors and Congressmen in Lyme endemic areas

Why Lyme disease is so confusing, and what the medical experts got wrong

  • Today’s medical perspective of Lyme disease is entirely based on serology (blood tests) and not pathology. (*Pathology includes brain and heart autopsies, culturing, and tissue staining – see photo section.)
  • Lyme disease (LD) blood-tests are fundamentally flawed. *(explanation follows)
  • The authorities that support current diagnostic and treatment guidelines for Lyme disease often have financial conflicts of interests.
  • Since 1975, many so called “FACTS” about Lyme disease have been proven wrong, but medical institutions won’t ever admit their mistakes.
Untrue facts that the public and doctors were told by the IDSA, CDC, NIH, Yale, Harvard, SUNY, and Mayo Clinic that were never true and proven wrong by many studies, and never publicly corrected.
  • Only one tick species (Ixodes damminii) transmits Lyme disease
  • Lyme disease does not cross from infected mother to fetus
  • Lyme disease is not an intracellular disease (can invade inside human cells)
  • Lyme disease stays in the blood and does not enter the human brain.
  • The Lyme disease ELISA tests ate 99% accurate
  • Lyme disease does not persist after 28 days of antibiotic treatment
  • Lyme disease is mainly and arthritic disease
  • Lyme disease is mainly found in the NE USA
  • Lymerix Lyme vaccine had no side effects and was pulled because of anti-vax hysteria.

All these so called “Lyme-Facts” are wrong. They were never true. These published  untruths are a result of major medical institutions relying almost entirely on their own Lyme-Disease-Blood-Tests to determine both diagnosis, and successful treatment. Our own medical experts have continually ignored  overwhelming pathology evidence that proves their assumptions and observations about Lyme have been fundamentally flawed. Their reputations mean more than patient’s lives!

What’s wrong with the Lyme disease blood Tests?

The LD tests that we have used for 35 years are made with B-31 lab-strain of Borrelia burgdorferi . B-31 Lab-strain is not found in ticks, humans or animal reservoirs. It is a manmade analog of a strain found in nature stripped of two chromosomes. The proteins expressed on B-31 Lab Strain Borrelia, never change in culture. In nature these bacterial surface proteins that our immune system attack are constantly changing. B-31 Lab Strain is a cheap way to make consistently bad Lyme-disease blood-tests.

In independent comparison testing: B-31 tests, overall even under the best conditions, are  only 50 % accurate: So, Lyme disease testing has always been like  flipping a coin.

To be blunt, the LD blood-tests using B-31 strain are flawed by design.

  • LD blood tests at best, can only detect one species of Lyme (There are 11 pathogenic species) The blood tests only detect the first isolate of Lyme disease from 1982. The original isolate is a Genus-species we named Borrelia burgdorferi. But since 1982 we have discovered a dozen new Borrelia species that cause human disease. (*See partial table)

Borreilia burgdorferi lato species table
https://www.dropbox.com/s/zgl2pxl1qcl2lwc/Bb%20species.png?dl=0

-The Deer-Ticks also carry Borrelia myamotoi , a Tick-Born Relapsing Fever (TBRFs) that is transmitted from the Deer-Tick in just 20 minutes. So, continuing to tell patients that a deer-tick must be attached for 24-48 hours is irresponsible

Borrelia myamotoi has an affinity for the human brain. The Borrelia myamotoi pathogen is a serious threat in the America.  It is carried by the same ticks as Lyme disease, it has the ability to enter the human brain undetected until brain autopsies are performed. Lyme disease blood tests cannot detect this species of Borrelia.

(See the Borrelia  myamotoi biofilms found embedded in Alzheimer’s amyloid plaques)

-Borrelia species including burgdorferi and B. myamotoi penetrate blood vessels quickly and easily. They are highly motile so within hours of a tick bite, the bacteria can enter any human organ, including the brain and the heart.

Once the Lyme spirochete has entered a blood vessel wall, an organ or has gone inside a human cell: it is harder to detect.

Our tax-dollars pays for the creation of CDC Lyme-disease blood tests. These tests are patented, but the patents are put in the names of CDC officers.

I will show that these tests were never better than 50 % accurate.

The CDC is now funding a new group of Lyme tests. I am asking: Who will own those fresh patents?

Borrelia spirochetes inside hippocampal neurons in Alzheimer’s disease
https://www.dropbox.com/s/5gyqcjn3wp9s93g/Nerve%20Cell.jpg?dl=0

Please stop listening to the Lyme disease experts that misled us since 1975 and start looking at the pathology evidence that proves them wrong.

  • Request human brain pathology studies without CDC or previously mentioned institutions involvement.
  • Create an independent panel of researchers to review the accuracy of Lyme disease IDSA facts
  • Allow doctors to treat beyond the IDSA guideline without harassment or loss of their medical license.
  • Support the investigation to look into the weaponization of Ticks and Tick-Borne-Diseases

Thank You,

100+ References and 100+ Photos available proving persistence post antibiotic treatment.

Sincerely,

Thomas M. Grier
(Director of pathology studies at the Dr. Paul H. Duray Pathology Fellowship)

Brain Autopsy Neuroborreliosis Patient from MN
https://www.dropbox.com/s/qsx6eni1icq4n0w/Brain%20Autopsy%20Neuroborreliosis%20Patient%20from%20MN.png?dl=0

_________________________________________________

WHAT IS PATHOLOGY?
https://www.mcgill.ca/pathology/about/definition

“Pathology is a branch of medical science that involves the study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of surgically removed organs, tissues (biopsy samples), bodily fluids, and in some cases the whole body (autopsy).”

Carl Tuttle
Hudson, NH

Cc:
-Pistis LLC, Hired by HHS
-Bennett Nemser, Senior Program Officer, the Cohen Lyme and Tickborne Disease Initiative
-Holiday Goodreau and Linden Hu, M.D. Co-chairs of the Tick-borne Disease Working Group
-Governor Chris Sununu

Category:

Activism, Lyme, research, Testing

Myocarditis After COVID-19 mRNA Shots But Just Mask Up & Shut Up

https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2109975?

Myocarditis after Covid-19 mRNA Vaccination

This letter was published on August 18, 2021, at NEJM.org.

TO THE EDITOR:

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently reported cases of myocarditis and pericarditis in the United States after coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccination.1 In recently published reports, diagnosis of myocarditis was made with the use of noninvasive imaging and routine laboratory testing.2-5 Here, we report two cases of histologically confirmed myocarditis after Covid-19 mRNA vaccination.

Figure 1. Histopathological Findings from Endomyocardial Biopsy and Autopsy.

Patient 1, a 45-year-old woman without a viral prodrome, presented with dyspnea and dizziness 10 days after BNT162b2 vaccination (first dose). A nasopharyngeal viral panel was negative for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza A and B, enteroviruses, and adenovirus (Table S1 in the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this letter at NEJM.org). A serum polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) assay and serologic tests showed no evidence of active parvovirus, enterovirus, human immunodeficiency virus, or infection with SARS-CoV-2. At presentation, she had tachycardia; ST-segment depression detected on electrocardiography, which was most prominent in the lateral leads (Fig. S1); and a troponin I level of 6.14 ng per milliliter (reference range, 0 to 0.30). A transthoracic echocardiogram showed severe global left ventricular systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction, 15 to 20%) and normal left ventricular dimensions. Right heart catheterization revealed elevated right- and left-sided filling pressures and a cardiac index of 1.66 liters per minute per square meter of body-surface area as measured by the Fick method. Coronary angiography revealed no obstructive coronary artery disease. An endomyocardial biopsy specimen showed an inflammatory infiltrate predominantly composed of T-cells and macrophages, admixed with eosinophils, B cells, and plasma cells (Figure 1A and Figs. S2 through S4). She received inotropic support, intravenous diuretics, methylprednisolone (1 g daily for 3 days), and, eventually, guideline-directed medical therapy for heart failure (lisinopril, spironolactone, and metoprolol succinate). Seven days after presentation, her ejection fraction was 60%, and she was discharged home.

Patient 2, a 42-year-old man, presented with dyspnea and chest pain 2 weeks after mRNA-1273 vaccination (second dose). He did not report a viral prodrome, and a PCR test was negative for SARS-CoV-2 (Table S1). He had tachycardia and a fever, and his electrocardiogram showed diffuse ST-segment elevation (Fig. S1). A transthoracic echocardiogram showed global biventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction, 15%), normal ventricular dimensions, and left ventricular hypertrophy. Coronary angiography revealed no coronary artery disease. Cardiogenic shock developed in the patient, and he died 3 days after presentation. An autopsy revealed biventricular myocarditis (Figure 1B and Figs. S5 and S6). An inflammatory infiltrate admixed with macrophages, T-cells, eosinophils, and B cells was observed, a finding similar to that in Patient 1.

In these two adult cases of histologically confirmed, fulminant myocarditis that had developed within 2 weeks after Covid-19 vaccination, a direct causal relationship cannot be definitively established because we did not perform testing for viral genomes or autoantibodies in the tissue specimens. However, no other causes were identified by PCR assay or serologic examination.

Amanda K. Verma, M.D.
Kory J. Lavine, M.D., Ph.D.
Chieh-Yu Lin, M.D., Ph.D.
Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO

________________________

https://www.brighteon.com/b3d87a5a-faea-4341-bab6-0406b9d356f5  4 Min. Video Here

The HighWire with Del Bigtree
Published Aug. 16, 2021

‘MASK UP AND SHUT UP’

Entering the ridiculous, public health officials are now asking people not to talk to stop the Covid virus. Jefferey Jaxen dives into the science behind the latest Covid mitigation suggestion.

__________________

**Comment**

The video is revealing on many fronts:

  • Propaganda is alive and well.
  • The paper “Viral Load of SARS-CoV-2 in Respiratory Aerosols Emitted By COVID-19 Patients While Breathing, Talking, and Singing,” has numerous disclaimers in fine print, namely, that they couldn’t mechanically retrieve and isolate a viable virus from ambient air in the vicinity of patients.  Well, that’s inconvenient.
  • This study demonstrates perfectly the hypocrisy of our corrupt public health ‘authorities’ in that they demand perfectly done randomized, controlled trials on thousands of patients to approve COVID treatments, completely ignoring clinical results, but will accept and propagate poorly done science that pushes their continued fear narrative that lines their pockets. And even when there properly done RCTs they ignore them and then go on a smear campaign to malign them, and implement bandwagon to make the public believe their accepted narrative.
  • This duplicity has been going on in Lyme-land for over 40 years and continues today.  Hopefully people are waking up to it.

**Comment**

VAERS data released on 8/6/21 found 3,644 reported cases of Myocarditis or Pericarditis after COVID shots.

For more:

Category:

Heart Issues, Inflammation, research, Viruses

US COVID Vaccines Proven to Cause More Harm Than Good Based On Pivotal Clinical Trial Data Analyzed Using the Proper Scientific Endpoint, “All Cause Severe Morbidity”

https://www.scivisionpub.com/pdfs/us-covid19-vaccines-proven-to-cause-more-harm-than-good-based-on-pivotal-clinical-trial-data-analyzed-using-the-proper-scientific–1811.pdf

US COVID-19 Vaccines Proven to Cause More Harm than Good Based on Pivotal Clinical Trial Data Analyzed Using the Proper Scientific Endpoint, “All Cause Severe Morbidity”

Classen Immunotherapies, Inc, 3637 Rockdale Road, Manchester, MD
J. Bart Classen, MD*
Trends in Internal Medicine
Research ArticleCitation: Classen B. US COVID-19 Vaccines Proven to Cause More Harm than Good Based on Pivotal Clinical Trial Data Analyzed
Using the Proper Scientific Endpoint, “All Cause Severe Morbidity”. Trends Int Med. 2021; 1(1): 1-6.
*Correspondence:
J. Bart Classen, MD, Classen Immunotherapies, Inc, 3637 Rockdale Road, Manchester, MD 21102, Tel: 410-377-8526, E-mail: Classen@vaccines.net.

Received: 24 July 2021; Accepted: 25 August 2021

ABSTRACT
Three COVID-19 vaccines in the US have been released for sale by the FDA under Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) based on a clinical trial design employing a surrogate primary endpoint for health, severe infections with COVID-19. This clinical trial design has been proven dangerously misleading. Many fields of medicine, oncology for example, have abandoned the use of disease specific endpoints for the primary endpoint of pivotal clinical trials (cancer deaths for example) and have adopted “all cause mortality or morbidity” as the proper scientific endpoint of a clinical trial. Pivotal clinical trial data from the 3 marketed COVID-19 vaccines was reanalyzed using “all cause severe morbidity”, a scientific measure of health, as the primary endpoint. “All cause severe morbidity” in the treatment group and control group was calculated by adding all severe events reported in the clinical trials. Severe events included both severe infections with COVID-19 and all other severe adverse events in the treatment arm and control arm respectively. This analysis gives reduction in severe COVID-19 infections the same weight as adverse events of equivalent severity.

Results prove that none of the vaccines provide a health benefit and all pivotal trials show a statically significant increase in “all cause severe morbidity” in the “vaccinated” group compared to the placebo group.

  • The Moderna immunized group suffered 3,042 more severe events than the control group (p=0.00001).
  • The Pfizer data was grossly incomplete but data provided showed the vaccination group suffered 90 more severe events than the control group (p=0.000014), when only including “unsolicited” adverse events.
  • The Janssen immunized group suffered 264 more severe events than the control group (p=0.00001).

These findings contrast the manufacturers’ inappropriate surrogate endpoints:

  • Janssen claims that their vaccine prevents 6 cases of severe COVD-19 requiring medical attention out of 19,630 immunized.
  • Pfizer claims their vaccine prevents 8 cases of severe COVID-19 out of 21,720 immunized.
  • Moderna claims its vaccine prevents 30 cases of severe COVID-19 out of 15,210 immunized.

Based on this data it is all but a certainty that mass COVID-19 immunization is hurting the health of the population in general.

Scientific principles dictate that the mass immunization with COVID-19 vaccines must be halted immediately because we face a looming vaccine induced public health catastrophe.

____________________

**Comment**

Important quote: 

Clinical trial data show there were actually few very “severe” cases of COVID-19 in either the vaccinated or the placebo group.

This fact is ignored by our corrupt public health ‘authorities’ who are pushing a continual narrative of fear, aided and abetted by a bought out media.  According to Doctors for COVID Ethics, these injections are “needless, ineffective, and dangerous.”

Also important from the study:

  • Moderna data shows that only one of 15,166 unvaccinated patients required admission to an intensive care unit for COVID-19.
  • Data provided by Janssen shows that only a few of the “severe” COVID-19 infections required medical intervention, yet the vaccinated group had 595 severe Grade 3 or 4 events in the first 28 days post immunization.
  • Table S10 in the appendix published in the New England Journal of Medicine [4] , shows only 2 of 19,514 patients immunized with the Janssen vaccine needed medical intervention for severe COVID-19
    infections starting 14 days after immunization, while only 8 of 19,544 controls needed medical intervention for severe COVID-19 infections starting 14 days after placebo, where the infection was confirmed by a central lab. This benefit, reduction in 6 case of COVID-19 requiring medical intervention, in 19,630 vaccinated patients is simply statistically insignificant in a population that has a hundred fold more severe events of any cause.
Reductions in infection rates, hospitalization rates and even death with COVID-19 are poor surrogate markers for health and are not proper primary endpoints for a vaccine clinical trial.
Science thus does not support a health benefit with COVID-19 vaccines. All arguments for immunization are purely philosophical and based on false, discredited, assumptions.

Earlier this week I posted this article which methodically goes through the data and math required to understand “vaccine” efficacy.  Again, as with the article above, in order to have good data, you must “count things and divide things which matter.”  Regarding efficacy, it’s imperative to know how many infected people went on to die in each group. The author states that while “vaccine” manufacturers proclaim “vaccine” efficacy of 90% or better, no information is available to suggest that the death rate (what truly matters) is any different in the vaccinated vs the unvaccinated. Further, for certain age groups, the number actually leans towards a higher death rate among the “vaccinated.”

And then there’s the important issue of absolute risk.  Go here to read an important article that explains how “vaccine” manufacturers are purposely using a statistical trick to make the injections look far more protective than they are.

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2021/08/24/first-signs-of-what-scientists-fear-most-about-covid-jabs-german-physicians-examine-covid-vaxxed-blood-its-not-good/  Excerpt: 

In a July 1, 2021, commentary in The Lancet Microbe,3 Piero Olliaro, Els Torreele and Michel Vaillant also argue for the use of absolute risk reduction when discussing vaccine efficacy with the public. They too went through the calculations, coming up with the following:

  • Pfizer/BioNTech — Relative risk reduction: 95%
    • Absolute risk reduction: 0.84%
  • Moderna — Relative risk reduction: 94%
    • Absolute risk reduction: 1.2%
  • Gamaleya (Sputnic V) — Relative risk reduction: 91%
    • Absolute risk reduction: 0.93%
  • Johnson & Johnson — Relative risk reduction: 67%
    • Absolute risk reduction: 1.2%
  • AstraZeneca/Oxford — Relative risk reduction: 67%
    • Absolute risk reduction: 1.3%
It’s abundantly clear that when you actually utilize endpoints that matter, these injections are not only worthless – they are dangerous.

For more of Classen’s work:

Category:

research, vaccines, Viruses

Recent Progress in Lyme Disease & Remaining Challenges

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2021.666554/full

REVIEW article
Front. Med., 18 August 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.666554

Recent Progress in Lyme Disease and Remaining Challenges

Jason R. Bobe1*†, Brandon L. Jutras2, Elizabeth J. Horn3, Monica E. Embers4, Allison Bailey1, Robert L. Moritz5†, Ying Zhang6, Mark J. Soloski7, Richard S. Ostfeld8, Richard T. Marconi9, John Aucott7, Avi Ma’ayan1, Felicia Keesing10, Kim Lewis11, Choukri Ben Mamoun12, Alison W. Rebman7, Mecaila E. McClune2, Edward B. Breitschwerdt13, Panga Jaipal Reddy5†, Ricardo Maggi13, Frank Yang14, Bennett Nemser15, Aydogan Ozcan16, Omai Garner16, Dino Di Carlo16, Zachary Ballard16, Hyou-Arm Joung16, Albert Garcia-Romeu17, Roland R. Griffiths17, Nicole Baumgarth18 and Brian A. Fallon19

Lyme disease (also known as Lyme borreliosis) is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States with an estimated 476,000 cases per year. While historically, the long-term impact of Lyme disease on patients has been controversial, mounting evidence supports the idea that a substantial number of patients experience persistent symptoms following treatment. The research community has largely lacked the necessary funding to properly advance the scientific and clinical understanding of the disease, or to develop and evaluate innovative approaches for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Given the many outstanding questions raised into the diagnosis, clinical presentation and treatment of Lyme disease, and the underlying molecular mechanisms that trigger persistent disease, there is an urgent need for more support. This review article summarizes progress over the past 5 years in our understanding of Lyme and tick-borne diseases in the United States and highlights remaining challenges.

Category:

Lyme, research