Archive for the ‘research’ Category

Genomic Confirmation of Borrelia garinii, United States

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/29/1/22-0930_article

Volume 29, Number 1—January 2023
Natalie RudenkoComments to Author , Maryna Golovchenko, Ales Horak, Libor Grubhoffer, Emmanuel F. Mongodin1, Claire M. Fraser, Weigang Qiu, Benjamin J. Luft, Richard G. Morgan, Sherwood R. Casjens, and Steven E. Schutzer
 
 

Abstract

Lyme disease is a multisystem disorder primarily caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. However, B. garinii, which has been identified on islands off the coast of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, is a cause of Lyme disease in Eurasia. We report isolation and whole-genome nucleotide sequencing of a B. garinii isolate from a cotton mouse (Peromyscus gossypinus) in South Carolina, USA. We identified a second B. garinii isolate from the same repository. Phylogenetic analysis does not associate these isolates with the previously described isolates of B. garinii from Canada.

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Important excerpt:

How and when B. garinii arrived in South Carolina remains unknown. There were no reported Lyme disease outbreaks in the southeastern United States in humans at the time the strains were deposited in the repository or during the subsequent 2 decades. This finding minimizes the urgency for an immediate new search for B. garinii in this region. Nonetheless, clinical vigilance for B. garinii in humans in this region seems warranted.

 

True to form, the CDC downplays the finding of a new strain which very well could explain why sick patients continue to be mis or undiagnosed due to faulty testing and strain diversity, which will never be picked up using current 2-tiered CDC testing because it doesn’t look for other strains.

But, truth be damned.  It just doesn’t matter to corrupt public health.

Category:

Lyme, research, Testing, Ticks

3 Reasons Lyme/MSIDS Patients Remain Sick: Dormancy/Persisters, Biofilm, Co-Infection

https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-019-3495-7

Metamorphoses of Lyme disease spirochetes: phenomenon of Borrelia persisters

Parasites & Vectors volume 12, Article number: 237 (2019) Cite this article

Abstract

The survival of spirochetes from the Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato) complex in a hostile environment is achieved by the regulation of differential gene expression in response to changes in temperature, salts, nutrient content, acidity fluctuation, multiple host or vector dependent factors, and leads to the formation of dormant subpopulations of cells. From the other side, alterations in the level of gene expression in response to antibiotic pressure leads to the establishment of a persisters subpopulation. Both subpopulations represent the cells in different physiological states. “Dormancy” and “persistence” do share some similarities, e.g. both represent cells with low metabolic activity that can exist for extended periods without replication, both constitute populations with different gene expression profiles and both differ significantly from replicating forms of spirochetes. Persisters are elusive, present in low numbers, morphologically heterogeneous, multi-drug-tolerant cells that can change with the environment. The definition of “persisters” substituted the originally-used term “survivors”, referring to the small bacterial population of Staphylococcus that survived killing by penicillin. The phenomenon of persisters is present in almost all bacterial species; however, the reasons why Borrelia persisters form are poorly understood. Persisters can adopt varying sizes and shapes, changing from well-known forms to altered morphologies. They are capable of forming round bodies, L-form bacteria, microcolonies or biofilms-like aggregates, which remarkably change the response of Borrelia to hostile environments. Persisters remain viable despite aggressive antibiotic challenge and are able to reversibly convert into motile forms in a favorable growth environment. Persisters are present in significant numbers in biofilms, which has led to the explanation of biofilm tolerance to antibiotics. Considering that biofilms are associated with numerous chronic diseases through their resilient presence in the human body, it is not surprising that interest in persisting cells has consequently accelerated. Certain diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria (e.g. tuberculosis, syphilis or leprosy) are commonly chronic in nature and often recur despite antibiotic treatment. Three decades of basic and clinical research have not yet provided a definite answer to the question: is there a connection between persisting spirochetes and recurrence of Lyme disease in patients?

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6287027/

The Emerging Role of Microbial Biofilm in Lyme Neuroborreliosis

Enea Gino Di Domenico,1,* Ilaria Cavallo,1 Valentina Bordignon,1 Giovanna D’Agosto,1 Martina Pontone,1 Elisabetta Trento,1 Maria Teresa Gallo,1 Grazia Prignano,1 Fulvia Pimpinelli,1 Luigi Toma,2 and Fabrizio Ensoli1
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Abstract

Lyme borreliosis (LB) is the most common tick-borne disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi in North America and Borrelia afzelii or Borrelia garinii in Europe and Asia, respectively. The infection affects multiple organ systems, including the skin, joints, and the nervous system. Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) is the most dangerous manifestation of Lyme disease, occurring in 10–15% of infected individuals. During the course of the infection, bacteria migrate through the host tissues altering the coagulation and fibrinolysis pathways and the immune response, reaching the central nervous system (CNS) within 2 weeks after the bite of an infected tick. The early treatment with oral antimicrobials is effective in the majority of patients with LNB. Nevertheless, persistent forms of LNB are relatively common, despite targeted antibiotic therapy. It has been observed that the antibiotic resistance and the reoccurrence of Lyme disease are associated with biofilm-like aggregates in B. burgdorferi, B. afzelii, and B. garinii, both in vitro and in vivo, allowing Borrelia spp. to resist to adverse environmental conditions. Indeed, the increased tolerance to antibiotics described in the persisting forms of Borrelia spp., is strongly reminiscent of biofilm growing bacteria, suggesting a possible role of biofilm aggregates in the development of the different manifestations of Lyme disease including LNB.

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https://www.fortunejournals.com/articles/serological-and-pcr-evidence-of-infection-in-105-patients-with-sppt.html

Serological and PCR evidence of Infection in 105 Patients with SPPT

Alexis Lacout1*, Marie Mas4, Michel Franck2, Véronique Perronne3, Julie Pajaud2, Pierre Yves Marcy5, Christian Perronne3

*Corresponding Author: Alexis Lacout, Centre de diagnostic ELSAN, Centre Médico–Chirurgical, 83 avenue Charles de Gaulle, 15000, Aurillac, France

Received: 11 December 2020; Accepted: 22 December 2020; Published: 05 January 2021

Citation: Alexis Lacout, Marie Mas, Michel Franck, Véronique Perronne, Julie Pajaud, Pierre Yves Marcy, Christian Perronne. Serological and PCR evidence of Infection in 105 Patients with SPPT. Archives of Microbiology & Immunology 5 (2021): 139-150.

Abstract

Introduction: The main aim of this study is to determine the nature of the exposure of patients presenting with polymorphic signs and symptoms to the parasite Babesia, through the study of serology. The secondary aim is to report the different serological or PCR results observed in these patients.

Material and methods: The following serologies were performed in all patients looking for: Babesia divergens, Borrelia, Bartonella, Coxiella burnetii, Anaplasma phagocytophilum. The following PCRs were performed looking for: Borrelia spp, Babesia spp, Bartonella (Bartonella spp, B. quintana, B. Henselae,) Coxiella spp, Anaplasma spp, Ehrlichia spp, Rickettsia spp, most often on several matrices (venous blood, capillary blood, urine and saliva).

Results: In this study, 105 patients were included, 62 females and 43 males, sex ratio F/M was 62/43 = 1.44; mean age was 45.5 year old (range; 5 years, 79 years old).

  • Of the 105 serologies for B. divergens, 41% were found to be positive.
  • Of the 104 serologies for Borrelia, 19.2% were found to be positive.
  • Of the 95 serologies for Anaplasma, 27.3% were found to be positive.

Borrelia spp, Babesia spp, Bartonella spp, Coxiella spp, Anaplasma spp, Ehrlichia spp, Rickettsia spp were found by using rtPCR.

Conclusion: Our study has shown that patients with SPPT/PTLDS, a syndrome close to fibromyalgia, could harbor several tick borne microorganisms. Microbiologic analyses should thus not be merely limited to Borrelia’s research alone.

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**Comment**

These relatively recent studies (within the past few years) reveal what Lyme literate doctors and their patients have been experiencing from the beginning.  They also reaffirm what many independent researchers have globally been writing about for years.  There are many other reasons patients remain ill as well but these three are biggies.

Yet, reality is best summed up by the following quote from the first study listed above:

Three decades of basic and clinical research have not yet provided a definite answer to the question: is there a connection between persisting spirochetes and recurrence of Lyme disease in patients?

Isn’t that sad?

The same, of course, can be said of biofilm and coinfections as well. Decades have gone by with no definitive answers because The Cabal doesn’t want the truth to be known. Why? Quite simple: a chronic, relapsing illness doesn’t fit their “vaccine” narrative which is the favored golden calf and cash cow of research institutions and our government, which have a cozy relationship with Big Pharma and Big Media.  This is quite convenient for all of them as they control all the messaging as well as threaten, censor, and ban doctors who dissent.

This has been blatantly exposed during the time of COVID but is nothing new.  Lymeland has been riddled with the exact same issues for 40 years.  Unfortunately, even well-meaning advocates and patients evidently can not see this and continue to demand more money and become giddy when they get it from the very agencies behind this debacle, who are incidentally profiting from it.

It’s a hot-mess for sure, but one thing is certain: we must stop playing into their hands by being ignorant or filled with “hopium,” a term I use to describe how hope can become a drug that stops you from thinking critically, logically, and honestly.

For more:

Category:

Anaplasmosis, Babesia, Bartonella, Biofilm, Ehrlichiosis, Lyme, research, Rickettsia, Testing

Chlamydia & Alzheimer’s

https://iv.iiarjournals.org/content/36/6/2650

Circulating Chlamydia Trachomatis Antigens in Subjects With Alzheimer’s Disease

STEVEN LEHRER and PETER H. RHEINSTEIN
In Vivo November 2022, 36 (6) 2650-2653; DOI: https://doi.org/10.21873/invivo.12999

Abstract

Background/Aim: Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Chlamydial elementary and reticulate bodies have been identified in tissues from afflicted AD brain regions by electron and immunoelectron microscopy, whereas similar tests of non-AD brains were negative for the bacterium. Studies in mice have shown that C. pneumoniae can rapidly penetrate the central nervous system by entering glia and causing beta amyloid deposition via the nerves between the nasal cavity and the brain, which serve as invasion pathways.

Materials and Methods: We used data from the UK Biobank (UKBB) to assess the relationship of chlamydia and AD. Circulating C. pneumoniae antigen measurements were not available, but UKBB data field 23037 held measurements of PorB antigen for Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis). We used C. trachomatis as a surrogate for C. pneumoniae since serum cross-reactivity to C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae antigens occurs in patients with documented infection and in healthy children as revealed by microimmunofluorescence and immunoblotting techniques. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data for rs429358 and rs7412 were used to impute ApoE genotypes.

Results: PorB antigen levels for C. trachomatis were significantly higher in subjects with AD (p=0.007). PorB antigen levels were not related to ApoE genotype (e3e3, e3e4, e4e4) p=0.783. To control for the effects of age, sex, educational level, and apoE genotype, logistic regression analysis was performed. AD was the dependent variable. Independent variables were sqrt PorB antigen for C. trachomatis, age, sex, educational level, apoE genotype. AD odds ratio (OR) increased 1.156 for each unit increase of sqrt PorB antigen for C. trachomatis and the effect was significant (p=0.004).

Conclusion: PorB antigens for C. trachomatis being significantly higher in subjects with AD, corroborates previous studies demonstrating that C. pneumoniae inflammation appears to play a role in AD development. AD may result from the reactivation of embryologic processes and pathways silenced at birth. A trigger for the reactivation may be bacterial or viral infections. Further studies are warranted.

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https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-06749-9

Chlamydia pneumoniae can infect the central nervous system via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves and contributes to Alzheimer’s disease risk

Scientific Reports volume 12, Article number: 2759 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

Chlamydia pneumoniae is a respiratory tract pathogen but can also infect the central nervous system (CNS). Recently, the link between C. pneumoniae CNS infection and late-onset dementia has become increasingly evident. In mice, CNS infection has been shown to occur weeks to months after intranasal inoculation. By isolating live C. pneumoniae from tissues and using immunohistochemistry, we show that C. pneumoniae can infect the olfactory and trigeminal nerves, olfactory bulb and brain within 72 h in mice. C. pneumoniae infection also resulted in dysregulation of key pathways involved in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis at 7 and 28 days after inoculation. Interestingly, amyloid beta accumulations were also detected adjacent to the C. pneumoniae inclusions in the olfactory system. Furthermore, injury to the nasal epithelium resulted in increased peripheral nerve and olfactory bulb infection, but did not alter general CNS infection. In vitro, C. pneumoniae was able to infect peripheral nerve and CNS glia.

In summary, the nerves extending between the nasal cavity and the brain constitute invasion paths by which C. pneumoniae can rapidly invade the CNS likely by surviving in glia and leading to Aβ deposition.

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For more:

Category:

Alzheimer's, Lyme, research, Ticks

Acrodermatitis Chronica Atrophicans

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33085436/

Acrodermatitis Chronica Atrophicans

Anita Gade 1, Taraneh Matin, Richard Rubenstein 2, Carolyn A. Robinson
In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan.
.
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Excerpt:

Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA) is a late and chronic manifestation of Lyme borreliosis (LB). ACA predominantly involves the distal portions of extremities and is characterized by chronic cutaneous atrophy. Unlike other skin manifestations of Lyme disease, including erythema migrans (EM) and borrelial lymphocytoma (BL), ACA does not spontaneously resolve. If untreated, ACA may progress from bluish-red discoloration and inflammation to chronic atrophy and fibrosis, with the late-stage being more treatment-resistant.

ACA was first described in 1883 by Buchwald in Germany, and cases were later reported in 1895 in North America. The diagnosis of ACA is based on clinical presentation, as well as serologic testing and histopathologic confirmation. Recognizing ACA is often challenging due to variable latency in disease onset following the primary borrelial infection, and lack of symptoms leading to delay in seeking treatment.

Lyme borreliosis is the most common vector-borne disease in the northeastern United States. It is a multisystem disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.It is transmitted to humans via an Ixodes tick bite. There are 3 skin manifestations of LB: Erythema migrans (stage 1) with a characteristic “bull’s eye rash,” which, if untreated, can be followed by early disseminated infection, borrelial lymphocytoma (stage 2) along with neurologic and cardiac abnormalities, and late infection, especially arthritis in North America or acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (stage 3) in Europe. Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans is the most common late and chronic manifestation of LB. Approximately 20% of patients with ACA have a history of spontaneously healed EM, usually on an extremity where the ACA lesion developed 6 months to 8 years later.

Sections

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**Comment**

While ‘the powers that be’ continue to want to confine this complex illness within numerical stages and a “one size fits all” box, please know that patients have jumped from stage to stage in no particular order, with some requiring much longer courses of antibiotics/treatments.

For more:

Category:

Lyme, research, Ticks, Transmission

Study Shows Governments & Media Constantly Disinform the Public Due to Conflicts With Big Pharma

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36324959/

The pharmaceutical industry is dangerous to health. Further proof with COVID-19

Fabien Deruelle 1
Affiliations expand

Free PMC article

Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 period highlights a huge problem that has been developing for decades, the control of science by industry. In the 1950s, the tobacco industry set the example, which the pharmaceutical industry followed. Since then, the latter has been regularly condemned for illegal marketing, misrepresentation of experimental results, dissimulation of information about the dangers of drugs, and considered as criminal. Therefore, this study was conducted to show that knowledge is powerfully manipulated by harmful corporations, whose goals are: 1/financial; 2/to suppress our ability to make choices to acquire global control of public health.

Methods: Pharmaceutical industry techniques for manipulating science and COVID-19 reporting were reviewed. Several sources of official documents were used: PubMed; National Institutes of Health resources; pharmaceutical companies; policy documents; national newspapers and news agencies; and books by prominent professionals (scientific and legal). A few studies have not been published in peer-reviewed journals; however, they have been conducted by reputable scientists in their respective fields.

Results: Since the beginning of COVID-19, we can list the following methods of information manipulation which have been used:

  • falsified clinical trials and inaccessible data
  • fake or conflict-of-interest studies
  • concealment of vaccines’ short-term side effects and total lack of knowledge of the long-term effects of COVID-19 vaccination
  • doubtful composition of vaccines
  • inadequate testing methods
  • governments and international organizations under conflicts of interest
  • bribed physicians
  • the denigration of renowned scientists; the banning of all alternative effective treatments; unscientific and liberticidal social methods
  • government use of behavior modification and social engineering techniques to impose confinements, masks, and vaccine acceptance
  • scientific censorship by the media

Conclusion: By supporting and selecting only the one side of science information while suppressing alternative viewpoints, and with obvious conflicts of interest revealed by this study, governments and the media constantly disinform the public. Consequently, the unscientifically validated vaccination laws, originating from industry-controlled medical science, led to the adoption of social measures for the supposed protection of the public but which became serious threats to the health and freedoms of the population.

For more:

I could literally go on to infinity with this…..

Category:

Activism, research