Archive for the ‘Treatment’ Category

Bartonella Mastomydis -Novel Species

First proposed in 2016,   https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295893002_Bartonella_spp_in_Small_Mammals_Benin, phenotypic, phylogenetic, and genomic analyses have led researchers to formally propose the creation of Bartonella mastomydia sp.nov. that contains the strain 008 isolated from Senegalese M. erythroleucus (Guinea multimammate mouse) blood samples.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6098214/

Bartonella Mastomydis Strain 008Bartonella mastomydis strain 008 (FEI Company, Limeil-Brévannes, France) 

Noncontiguous finished genome sequence and description of Bartonella mastomydis sp. nov.

M. Dahmani,1 G. Diatta,2 N. Labas,1 A. Diop,1 H. Bassene,2 D. Raoult,1 L. Granjon,3 F. Fenollar,4 and O. Mediannikov1,∗

Abstract

Bartonella mastomydis sp. nov. strain 008 is the type strain of B. mastomydis sp. nov., a new species within the genus Bartonella. This strain was isolated from Mastomys erythroleucus rodents trapped in the Sine-Saloum region of Senegal. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and its annotation. The 2 044 960 bp long genomes with 38.44% G + C content contains 1674 protein-coding and 42 RNA genes, including three rRNA genes.

Introduction

Just over a century ago, the first historical record of the emerging Bartonella genus was made during World War I, when a million frontline troops were shown to be plagued by a disease later known as trench fever. This was caused by the louse-borne bacterium now known as Bartonella quintana [1]. Bartonella are small facultative intracellular, vector-transmitted, Gram-negative, haemotropic bacilli, classified within the class of α-proteobacteria [2]….The Bartonellaceae family (Gieszczykiewicz 1939) [4] contains 35 species and three subspecies (http://www.bacterio.net/) as of 1 August 2017 [5]. Bartonellae usually exist in two specific habitats: the gut of the obligately blood-sucking arthropod vector and the bloodstream of the mammalian host [1]. Among the 38 recognized Bartonella species, 17 have been described as pathogenic in humans [6]. In humans, Bartonella bacteria are among the most described as being associated with endocarditis or cardiopathy. In animal hosts, a wide array of clinical syndromes, as well as asymptomatic infection and endocarditis, have been described [6], [7], [8].

New species and subspecies are constantly being proposed. Candidate species belonging to the genus Bartonella from a wide range of animal reservoirs have been described but not yet assigned new species designations [1]. Parasitism by bartonellae is widespread among small mammals. Potentially new Bartonella species infecting bat communities were reported in Madagascar [9], Kenya [10], Puerto Rico [11] and French Guiana [12]. Rodents and insectivores were showed to maintain bartonellae infections. Additionally, a large number of partially characterized Bartonella have been isolated from rodents in Southeast Asia [13], South Africa [14], [15], Europe, North and South America [16], Nigeria [17], the Republic of Congo and Tanzania [16]. In Senegal, West Africa, using the criteria proposed by La Scola et al. [18] based on the multilocus sequence analyses of four genes and the intergenic spacer (ITS) as a tool to the description of bartonellae, three new bartonellae were isolated and described: Bartonella senegalensis, Bartonella massiliensis from the soft tick Ornithodoros sonrai[13] and Bartonella davoustii from cattle [19].

We sought to describe an additional Bartonella species isolated from small mammals in the region of Sine-Saloum, in western Senegal [20]. In this rural region, the biotype is favourable to the spread of commensal mammals harbouring pathogenic microorganisms and is often found in close contact with humans. This situation increases the risk of human and animal transmission of infectious disease from rodent-associated tick-borne pathogens. This work describes the genome sequence of the proposed candidate Bartonella mastomydis strain 008 isolated from Mastomys erythroleucususing a polyphasic approach combining matrix-assisted desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and genomic properties, as well as next-generation sequencing technology to complete description of a potentially new species [21].

Bartonella mastomydis is sensitive to amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, oxacillin, imipenem, rifampicin, nitrofurantoin, doxycycline, linezolid, tobramycin, gentamycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, fosfomycin and ciprofloxacin. Bartonella mastomydis is resistant to metronidazole and colistin.

_______________

**Comment**

I once heard it said that every animal species probably has their own strain of Bartonella.  All I know is many Lyme/MSIDS patients struggle with it as it is extremely tenacious.  Here, we see a novel species in Senegalese mice.  While there are 17 known species of Bart that are pathogenic to humans, as this article points out, more are continually being discovered.

Known for causing heart issues in humans, it does oh so much more:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2016/01/03/bartonella-treatment/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2011/09/25/the-bartonella-checklist-copyrighted-2011-james-schaller-md-version-11/

Normally thought of as a Lyme “co-infection,” some LLMD’s state that Bartonella can be more debilitating than Lyme.  This doctor says Bartonella is the “new Lyme”:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/05/07/fox-news-bartonella-is-the-new-lyme-disease/

Category:

Bartonella, Heart Issues, research, Ticks, Treatment

The Runaway Plague

https://www.change.org/p/1120418/u/23184426?

The Runaway Plague

Carl Tuttle
Hudson, NH
AUG 25, 2018 —
Please see the following email sent to the Tick Borne Disease Working Group regarding some of my personal experiences with untreated Lyme disease.
The consequences of untreated Lyme disease have been deliberately ignored as the disease has been portrayed as “easily diagnosed and cured” while the disabled are labeled delusional.

——— Original Message ———-
From: Carl Tuttle <runagain@comcast.net>
To: jaucott2@jhmi.edu, tickbornedisease@hhs.gov
Cc: (30 recipients)
Date: August 24, 2018 at 9:48 AM
Subject: Re: Lyme Disease in 2018 What Is New (and What Is Not)

To the Tick Borne Disease Working Group,

Earlier in the month I spent four days in the hospital with a serious UTI that entered the bloodstream. (104 degree temperature) While waiting for the culture report (urine and blood) a number of IV antibiotics were administered; ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and vancomycin.

Culture results identified a staph infection. Unlike treating Lyme disease, there was no Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction [i] as I just progressively felt better each day as experienced when treating most infections.

In contrast, I experienced a Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction every day (sometimes twice per day) for sixteen months while on Dr. Donta’s Biaxin and plaquenil protocol. I could not tolerate tetracycline whatsoever as this antibiotic made me feel as if I were going to die. **My note:  This treatment is for tick borne illness.  Please see note at end**

I decided to go the IV antibiotic route after sixteen months on the oral protocol. I experienced a Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction on every IV antibiotic that was rotated including those mentioned previously in this note. After seven months with a PICC line and plateauing with no more Jarisch–Herxheimer reactions I decided I had enough but returned to the oral protocol when symptoms returned. I took antibiotics for nine years (2008-2017).

This is what happens when Lyme is left untreated for twelve years. I visited the emergency room of the Lahey Clinic in the summer of 1996 with the worst case of summer flu I have experienced. When the fatigue continued I was told I had Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and put out to pasture; bedridden and on oxygen in the fall of 2008 when finally diagnosed with late stage Lyme disease. (Never screened for Lyme in that 12yr period)

There is no IDSA treatment guideline for this (growing) class of patient with untreated Lyme as this stage has been ignored for three decades. It is like ignoring the fact that untreated strep throat progresses to rheumatic fever causing irreversible heart damage; untreated syphilis leads to progressive disability and dementia while untreated HIV infection progresses to AIDS with significant disability and death.

We know of three infections that produce Jarisch–Herxheimer reactions; Lyme, syphilis and typhoid fever. I have read that treating typhoid too aggressive could kill the patient from the endotoxin-like products released by the death of harmful microorganisms.
This “endotoxin-like” byproduct of treating Lyme disease should have been researched decades ago so that aggressive treatment could be better tolerated. I have heard stories of some patients severely ill with Lyme unable to take even the smallest dose of antibiotic.

Gary Wormser’s fixation on the acute stage of disease with bulls-eye rash and early treatment has left hundreds of thousands of horribly sick late stage Lyme patients with no short term treatment approach. The one-size-fits-all IDSA treatment guideline is useless and inappropriate for those who miss the narrow window of opportunity for successful short term treatment.

My years of untreated Lyme however progressed to follicular lymphoma. A Pubmed search of “Borrelia and lymphoma” will show that connection has been known for decades. If this is controversial then perform a second search using “Epstein Barr virus and lymphoma” and you will see hundreds of results. There is no disagreement within the medical community that EBV causes lymphoma. Laboratory results while under the care of Dr. Sam Donta often identified reactivated EBV so it would appear that untreated late stage Lyme is immunosuppressive allowing latent viruses to rear their ugly heads.

How would we know that rheumatic fever causes irreversible heart damage if the study subjects recruited were still in the strep throat stage of disease? This is exactly what continues today with Lyme research. It’s time to determine how untreated Lyme disables its victim as this runaway plague [ii] is destroying lives, ending careers and leaving patients in financial ruin.

The racketeering scheme identified in the SHRADER & ASSOCIATES, LLP RICO lawsuit intentionally ignores Lyme as a horribly disabling infection so insurance companies could deny health and disability claims. Let’s stop turning a blind eye to the fact that the Centers for Disease Control have aligned itself with the seven defendants identified in this lawsuit.

Until those responsible for this travesty have been removed from positions of authority we will have another three decades of unimaginable pain and suffering. It’s like putting Pablo Escobar [iii] in charge of the opioid crisis and expecting change.

Move Lyme disease to HIGHEST ALERT and initiate a Manhattan Project to determine how untreated Lyme disables its victim.

Sincerely,
-Carl Tuttle
References:

[i] The Jarisch–Herxheimer Reaction After Antibiotic Treatment of Spirochetal Infections: A Review of Recent Cases and Our Understanding of Pathogenesis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5239707/

[ii] Lyme Disease Striking More Americans in More States
https://consumer.healthday.com/diseases-and-conditions-information-37/lyme-disease-news-454/lyme-disease-striking-more-americans-in-more-states-736298.html

[iii] Pablo Escobar COLOMBIAN CRIMINAL (Deceased)
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pablo-Escobar

Follicular Lymphoma: What You Need to Know | Symptoms and Signs                    Follicular lymphoma is a non-Hodgkin’s type of lymphoma, originating in the B lymphocytes, or B-cells, and it is the most common form of slow-growing disease.  https://lymphomanewstoday.com

_______________

**Comment**

This letter points out some incredibly important points.

  1. Tick borne illness is a complex illness that needs to be recognized and dealt with appropriately.
  2. The Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction is a very real phenomenon and is one of the challenges of treatment.  I tell patients the treatment’s as bad as the disease so buckle up for a wild ride:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2015/08/15/herxheimer-die-off-reaction-explained/
  3. Tick borne illness should be in the back of every doctor’s mind.  Testing is abysmal so being educated in symptomology is required:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/02/19/calling-all-doctors-please-become-educated-regarding-tick-borne-illness-heres-how/
  4. The lack of appropriate treatment guidelines is killing people.  Watch the documentary, “Under Our Skin,” to learn of the collusion of more than half of those sitting on the CDC panel who have patents with pharmaceutical companies.  According to Dr. Sam Donta, the panel never covered the chronic stage of Lyme but due to lack of time, left it to Wormser who essentially threw it out completely which is why it isn’t recognized today.
  5. While tick borne illness can reactivate latent viruses,  vaccines can activate latent tick borne infections:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/12/02/scottish-doctor-on-lyme-msids-part-2/  Here, the HPV vaccine activated a latent Lyme/MSIDS infection and here https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2016/04/24/gardasil-and-bartonella/ the HPV vaccine activated a latent Bartonella infection.

Hardly any research has looked at the five issues above and/or thousands of others that are crucial in understanding this plague.  Everyone’s smitten with climate change which according to independent tick researcher is a red herring:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/08/13/study-shows-lyme-not-propelled-by-climate-change/  Until we focus on the issues that are going to help patients, nothing will change.

 

Category:

Activism, Lyme, Treatment

How to Spot the Symptoms of Lyme Disease in Dogs

https://www.thesprucepets.com/lyme-disease-in-dogs-3384701

How to Spot the Symptoms of Lyme Disease in Dogs

By Lianne McLeod, DVM

Updated 04/23/18

Lyme disease is caused by a bacteria called Borrelia burgdorferi and is spread by ticks. Ticks become infected with the bacteria by feeding on infected mice and other small animals. When an infected tick bites other animals, it can transmit the bacteria to these animals. Lyme disease is transmitted by the deer tick (black-legged tick) and a small group of other closely related ticks. The deer tick is small and may bite animals and people without being detected. Lyme disease affects a variety of species, including dogs, cats, and people. Up to 95 percent of dogs infected with B. burgdorferi do not develop symptoms (people are much more likely to become ill with Lyme disease).

There is no evidence that Lyme disease is spread by direct contact with infected animals. However, keep in mind that ticks can hitch a ride home on your pets and move on to the humans in the household. **Please see my comment at end of article**

Risk Factors

Dogs that spend a lot of time outdoors, especially in the woods, bush, or areas of tall grass are most commonly infected with Lyme disease. However, ticks can be carried into yards on other animals, and dogs can become infected anywhere ticks are found.

Infections occur during tick season (usually spring through early fall), but the time between infection and the appearance of Lyme disease symptoms can be up to 2-5 months. **Please see comment**

Lyme disease is seen across the US and in many other parts of the world. In the US. Lyme disease is most common in the northeastern US, along with the Pacific coast, and in the midwest.

Signs of Lyme Disease

When clinical signs do develop, they may be transient or recurrent, and can include:

  • Fever.
  • Decreased appetite.
  • Swollen, painful joints (dogs may be reluctant to move).
  • Lameness — limping which may be mild at first, then worsen, and may also shift from one leg to another.
  • Lethargy.
  • Swollen lymph nodes.

Some dogs with Lyme disease may develop kidney disease.

Signs of kidney disease may include depression, vomiting, loss of appetite, and increased thirst and urination (sometimes a lack of urination will develop). Dogs who develop kidney disease can become very ill and may not respond to treatment.

Neurological disease (behavioral changes, seizures) and heart complications, which are sometimes seen in humans, are rare in dogs.

Diagnosis of Lyme Disease

The diagnosis of Lyme disease must be based on a combination of factors, including history (tick exposure), clinical signs, finding antibodies to B. burgdorferi bacteria, and a quick response to treatment with antibiotics.

A positive antibody test is not enough to make a diagnosis on its own, because not all dogs that are exposed to B. burgdorferi get sick, and antibodies can persist in the blood for a long time after exposure.

Other diagnostic testing, such as blood and urine tests, x-rays, and sampling of joint fluid, may be done to check for signs of kidney disease and to rule out other conditions with similar signs and symptoms.

Treating Lyme Disease

Treatment with antibiotics usually produces rapid improvement in symptoms (antibiotics will be continued for a few weeks). Treatment may not be completely clear the bacteria, but produces a state where no symptoms are present (similar to the condition in dogs that don’t have symptoms from infection).

Kidney disease may develop some time after the initial infection, so is it a good idea to regularly check for excess protein in the urine of dogs that have had Lyme disease. Catching the kidney disease early in its course offers the best prognosis. If kidney disease is present, a longer course of antibiotics along with additional medications to treat the kidney disease is usually necessary.

Preventing Lyme Disease
  • Tick Control is extremely important for the prevention of Lyme disease (and many other diseases that can be transmitted by ticks). Check your dog daily for ticks and remove them as soon as possible, since ticks must feed for at least 12 hours (possibly 24-48 hours) before transmitting the bacteria causing Lyme disease. This is especially important in peak tick season and after your dog spends time in the bush or tall grass (consider avoiding these areas in tick season).  Products that prevent ticks such as monthly parasite preventatives (e.g., Frontline®, Revolution®) or tick collars (e.g., Preventic®) can be used; be sure to follow your veterinarian‘s advice when using these products. Keep grass and brush trimmed in your yard, and in areas where ticks are a serious problem, you can also consider treating your yard for ticks.  **Again, please see my comment at end of article**
  • Vaccines for Lyme Disease: Vaccination against Lyme disease is a controversial topic and is something that should be discussed in depth with your veterinarian. Many specialists do not recommend routine vaccination because so few dogs develop symptoms of Lyme disease, and when Lyme disease does occur in dogs, it is usually readily treated. Additionally, because arthritis and kidney problems associated with Lyme disease are at least partly related to the immune response to the bacteria (rather than the bacteria itself), there is concern that vaccination may contribute to problems. Vaccination is also not 100 percent effective, and it’s only helpful in dogs that have not already been exposed to B. burgdorferi. However, vaccination before exposure can help prevent dogs from getting Lyme disease and also prevent them from becoming a carrier of the bacteria. Where vaccines are used, it is usually recommended to start vaccinating dogs as young puppies (e.g., at around 12 weeks, with a booster 2-4 weeks later). The vaccine does not provide long-lasting immunity, so annual re-vaccination (ideally before tick season) is necessary. The recombinant form of the vaccine is considered to have less potential for side effects than the bacteria form of the vaccine.
Please note: this article has been provided for informational purposes only. If your pet is showing any signs of illness, please consult a veterinarian as quickly as possible.
_________________
**Comment**
While there are many useful take-aways from this article, a number of myths continue to be propagated.  
  1. There is evidence that there is transmission by direct contact with animals.  http://www.lymerick.net/Transmission-Bb-contact.htm  (Here we see evidence of Bb in feces, urine, tick excretes, cow milk, food, in utero, transplacental, sexual, semen, and mucus membranes.)
  2. My vet treated my dog for longer than a couple of weeks.  I think that wise knowing the organism reproduces slowly.  They also have the canine equivalent of probiotics but they are designed for a dog’s micro biome so don’t give him yours.
  3. The fallacy of it taking 24-48 hours to be transmitted, is just that – a fallacy.  Please read more about transmission time here:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/04/14/transmission-time-for-lymemsids-infection/
  4. Transmission can occur at ANY TIME of the YEAR.  I have buddies pulling live ticks off their dogs in Northern Wisconsin in February.

Also, please note the comments about the vaccine.  They always want to state how great it is in animals but I see many comments that suggest extreme caution – similarly to the human Lyme vaccine.  First, it doesn’t provide lasting immunity, it causes obvious side-effects, it’s not 100% effective, and vaccination can make things worse for dog exposed to Bb.  Since this can be transmitted congenitally, it’s pretty hard to know what dogs already have Bb.  It’s Russian Roulette with dogs just as much as with humans.  Buyer beware.

Category:

Lyme, Lyme Vaccine, Testing, Ticks, Transmission, Treatment

Neuropsychiatric Lyme Borreliosis: An Overview With a Focus on a Specialty Psychiatrist’s Clinical Practice

http://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/6/3/104

Neuropsychiatric Lyme Borreliosis: An Overview with a Focus on a Specialty Psychiatrist’s Clinical Practice

Robert C. Bransfield
Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
Received: 10 July 2018 / Revised: 22 August 2018 / Accepted: 23 August 2018 / Published: 25 August 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lyme Disease: The Role of Big Data, Companion Diagnostics and Precision Medicine)
View Full-Text   |   Download PDF [316 KB, uploaded 25 August 2018]

Abstract

There is increasing evidence and recognition that Lyme borreliosis (LB) causes mental symptoms. This article draws from databases, search engines and clinical experience to review current information on LB. LB causes immune and metabolic effects that result in a gradually developing spectrum of neuropsychiatric symptoms, usually presenting with significant comorbidity which may include:

  • developmental disorders
  • autism spectrum disorders
  • schizoaffective disorders
  • bipolar disorder, depression
  • anxiety disorders (panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, intrusive symptoms)
  • eating disorders
  • decreased libido
  • sleep disorders
  • addiction
  • opioid addiction
  • cognitive impairments
  • dementia
  • seizure disorders
  • suicide
  • violence
  • anhedonia
  • depersonalization
  • dissociative episodes
  • derealization
  • other impairments
Screening assessment followed by a thorough history, comprehensive psychiatric clinical exam, review of systems, mental status exam, neurological exam and physical exam relevant to the patient’s complaints and findings with clinical judgment, pattern recognition and knowledgeable interpretation of laboratory findings facilitates diagnosis.
Psychotropics and antibiotics may help improve functioning and prevent further disease progression. Awareness of the association between LB and neuropsychiatric impairments and studies of their prevalence in neuropsychiatric conditions can improve understanding of the causes of mental illness and violence and result in more effective prevention, diagnosis and treatment. View Full-Text
Keywords: Lyme disease; Borrelia burgdorferi; tickborne diseases; persistent infection; treatment; assessment; depression; anxiety; sleep disorders; opioid addiction
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. (CC BY 4.0).
Bransfield, R.C. Neuropsychiatric Lyme Borreliosis: An Overview with a Focus on a Specialty Psychiatrist’s Clinical Practice. Healthcare2018, 6, 104.
_____________________

 

Category:

Lyme, Psychological Aspects, research, Treatment

Identifying Vancomycin as an Effective Antibiotic for Killing Bb

https://aac.asm.org/content/early/2018/08/14/AAC.01201-18

Identifying vancomycin as an effective antibiotic for killing Borrelia burgdorferi

Xiaoqian Wu, Bijaya Sharma, Samantha Niles, Kathleen O’Connor, Rebecca Schilling, Nicole Matluck, Anthony D’Onofrio, Linden T. Hu, Kim Lewis
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01201-18

ABSTRACT

Borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis. Antibiotic therapy of early acute infection is effective for most patients, but 10-20% go on to develop Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome. The nature of PTLDS remains unknown, but currently approved antibiotics for treatment of Lyme disease do not appear to impact these symptoms after they have developed.

We reason that minimizing the time the pathogen interacts with the host will diminish the probability of developing PTLDS, irrespective of its nature. This calls for an efficient eradication of the pathogen during acute infection. In search of a superior killing antibiotic, we examined approved antibiotics for their ability to kill B. burgdorferi.

Vancomycin proved more effective in killing the pathogen in vitro than ceftriaxone, the standard of care for disseminated B. burgdorferi infection. Both compounds were also the most effective in killing stationary phase cells. This is surprising, given that inhibitors of cell wall biosynthesis are known to only kill growing bacteria. We found that peptidoglycan synthesis continues in stationary cells of B. burgdorferi, explaining this paradox. A combination of vancomycin and gemifloxacin sterilized a stationary phase culture of B. burgdorferi. Examination of the action of antibiotics in immune-deficient SCID mice showed that doxycycline, a standard of care for uncomplicated acute infection, did not clear the pathogen. By contrast, both ceftriaxone and vancomycin cleared the infection. A trial examining early use of more potent antibiotics on development of PTLDS may be warranted.

_____________

**Comment**

I like the initial thinking of the researchers regarding the need to treat acute infections thoroughly to hopefully prohibit later symptoms; however, vancomycin is often used IV which is more expensive and has its own risks.  The oral route does not result in significant levels in the body which seems unwise since Bb can go anywhere in the body and typically does.  https://www.medicinenet.com/vancomycin-oral/article.htm

It’s also active only on gram positive bacteria.  While many claim Bb is gram-negative, it’s actually neither type and appears to be a monster complete with its own category:  http://web.uconn.edu/mcbstaff/graf/Student%20presentations/Bburgdorferi/bburgdorferi.html

Doxycycline is far from a perfect drug but it’s a great front-line drug for many tick borne pathogens.  The problem is it isn’t enough.  Eva Sapi has shown it only works on two forms of Bb, the cell wall and spirochetal forms but actually increases the non cell wall form (she calls them round/cyst forms):  https://www.dovepress.com/evaluation-of-in-vitro-antibiotic-susceptibility-of-different-morpholo-peer-reviewed-article-IDR

However, both metronidazole and tinidazole had far superior action:

Metronidazole led to reduction of spirochetal structures by ~90% and round body forms by ~80%. Tigecycline and tinidazole treatment reduced both spirochetal and round body forms by ~80%–90%.

In terms of qualitative effects, only tinidazole reduced viable organisms by ~90%. Following treatment with the other antibiotics, viable organisms were detected in 70%–85% of the biofilm-like colonies.

LLMD’s almost all use drug combinations due to the complexity of the organism as well as to ward off any potential resistance, and the fact coinfections are often involved.  For examples:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2016/02/13/lyme-disease-treatment/

Things done in vitro (the lab) often do not play out in vivo (the body).  It will be interesting to watch this develop.

Category:

Lyme, research, Treatment