Archive for the ‘Transmission’ Category

22 With Babesia, 8 Develop Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome – 3 Die

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30585748

2018 Dec 26:1-6. doi: 10.1080/00325481.2019.1558910. [Epub ahead of print]

Babesiosis as a cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome: a series of eight cases.

Alvarez De Leon S1, Srivastava P1, Revelo AE1, Kadambi A1, El Khoury MY2, Wormser GP2, Epelbaum O1.

Abstract

OBJECTIVES:

The characteristics of patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as a complication of Babesia microti infection have not been systematically described.

METHODS:

Adult patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit (MICU) of a tertiary care hospital in the Lower Hudson Valley of New York from 1/1/2008 to 8/1/2016 were evaluated for ARDS complicating babesiosis.

RESULTS:

Of 22 patients with babesiosis in the MICU, eight (36.4%; 95% CI: 19.7-57.0%) had ARDS. Six patients (75%) developed ARDS following initiation of anti-babesia drug therapy; however, the mean duration of symptoms in these patients exceeded that of patients who developed ARDS prior to initiation of treatment (7.50 ± 3.83d vs. 4.50 ± 0.71d, p = 0.34). Three patients (37.5%; 95% CI: 13.7-69.4%) expired without recovery from ARDS. In comparison, the mortality rate for the 14 MICU babesiosis patients without ARDS was 14.3% (p = 0.31). There was a trend toward younger age in survivors relative to non-survivors (mean age 54.6 ± 13.8y vs. 74.0 ± 6.24y, p = 0.07). Three of the five survivors did not require mechanical ventilation. The mean sequential organ failure assessment score of non-survivors was significantly higher than that of survivors (12.3 ± 1.15 vs. 6.0 ± 1.4, p = 0.0006).

CONCLUSION:

Among 22 critically ill adult patients with B. microti infection, ARDS developed in eight (35.4%), and three (37.5%) expired without resolution of the ARDS. ARDS often followed the initiation of anti-babesia drug therapy, raising the question of whether the death of the parasite per se contributed to its development. However, this observation was confounded by the longer duration of symptoms preceding initiation of drug therapy.

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More on Babesia:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2016/01/16/babesia-treatment/ According to Dr. Horowitz ARDS is often worsened in hospitalized patients who were given steroids (which suppress the immune system) which can cause death.

The number of symptoms and duration of illness in patients with concurrent Lyme disease and babesiosis are greater than in patients with either infection alone:  http://www.lymepa.org/c07%20Lyme%20disease%20and%20Babesiosis%20coinfection.pdf

This finding implies the presence of living spirochetes, because spirochete DNA in blood is amplifiable only when these pathogens remain viable.  It also suggests a synergistic inflammatory response to both a parasitemia and an increased spirochetemia. In addition, babesial infection enhances Lyme disease myocarditis in mice, which suggests that coinfection might also synergize spirochete-induced lesions in human joints, heart, and nerves.

The same was found in animals:  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0020751918302406

Similar to humans, B. microti coinfection appears to enhance the severity of Lyme disease-like symptoms in mice. Coinfected mice have lower peak B. microti parasitaemia compared to mice infected with B. microti alone, which may reflect attenuation of babesiosis symptoms reported in some human coinfections. These findings suggest that B. burgdorferi coinfection attenuates parasite growth while B. microti presence exacerbates Lyme disease-like symptoms in mice.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877959X18302978  Our findings suggest that Babesia infections may indeed be quite common among individuals who have been exposed to tick bites.

Authorities and mainstream doctors to this day are not considering Lyme/MSIDS a polymicrobial illness, but it usually is:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/10/30/study-shows-lyme-msids-patients-infected-with-many-pathogens-and-explains-why-we-are-so-sick/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/12/11/babesia-widespread-in-canada-its-high-tolerance-to-therapy/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/10/06/case-of-recurrent-fever-multiple-splenic-infarcts-why-short-treatment-duration-often-doesnt-work-for-babesia/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/03/22/what-is-air-hunger-anyway/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/02/20/babesia-and-heart-issues/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/10/11/babesia-found-in-patient-with-persistent-symptoms-following-lyme-treatment/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/02/20/babesia-and-heart-issues/

Category:

Babesia, research, Testing, Ticks, Transmission, Treatment

Transmitted in the Womb – Children Battle Lyme Disease From Birth

https://www.newscentermaine.com/article/news/health/transmitted-in-the-womb-kids-battle-lyme-disease-from-birth/97-612998682  (News Video within link – Approx. 5.5 Min)

Transmitted in the womb -Kids battle Lyme disease from birth

Author: Vivien Leigh
Published:  November 9, 2018
Shortly after birth, these kids started suffering from debilitating symptoms doctors could not diagnose or explain. Out of desperation, their families were forced to seek treatment out of state.

BRUNSWICK (NEWS CENTER Maine) – The CDC says every year about 300-thousand people in the U.S. are diagnosed with Lyme Disease, which is transmitted by deer ticks. Experts say a quarter of those cases are children — the highest infection rates are happening in kids ages 5 to 14.

But a small number of kids in Maine didn’t contract Lyme through a tick bite. Instead, doctors believe the disease was passed to them in the womb through their moms living with undiagnosed Lyme for years.

Celeste Zelasko was five months pregnant when she discovered a rash on her body. ‘I definitely had a bulls eye rash we thought it was a spider or another bug.,’

9 months after her son was born he started losing weight, broke out in rashes and his hair fell out. But it didn’t stop there.

‘Miles was constantly getting ear infections, respiratory problems, asthma trips to the ER.’

Doctors blamed germs from day care — but couldn’t figure out what was wrong with Miles. Celeste was also experiencing joint pain, extreme fatigue, memory loss an, brain fog.

Celeste and Miles underwent testing for Lyme disease, but they were negative. The two step blood test recommended by the CDC checks for antibodies against Lyme bacteria. But some experts say the test is unreliable — failing up to 40 percent of the time even within 30 days of a tick bite. She and her son — now 6-years old were diagnosed with Lyme disease based on their symptoms. A provider recommended treatment out of state. Celeste found a doctor for herself in New York and a pediatrician for Miles in New Haven, Connecticut.

The only pediatric Lyme specialist in the country and he was in his 80’s and it would be a four hour drive.

Pediatrician Dr. Charles Jones practices outside the CDC guidelines. He has treated more than 15-thousand children across the Us and from around the world. He says is cure rate is at 98 percent.

Those guidelines recommend treatment as one dose of antibiotics for children over 8 years old would include twice daily for 2-4 weeks.

“What’s important,” he says, “is to treat continuously, not stopping until all symptoms are gone.” said Dr. Jones.

Angela and Aaron Gilbert say after their son Noah was born, he experienced medical problems no doctors could explain. Besides rashes and stomach problems their son was rarely awake.

‘The fatigue was unbelievable, he would sometimes sleep 22 to 23 hours a day,’ said Angela.

After multiple trips to the emergency room to treat her son’s many fevers doctors still couldn’t figure out what was wrong with Noah. A friend suggested Lyme disease, but the family couldn’t get a medical provider even to consider the possibility. But Angela then heard about Dr. Jones.  At this point, her son Noah was a little more than a year old.

‘There were no options for us to get medical treatment and he was getting sick and sicker and sicker,’ said Angela.

Dr. Jones treated Noah multiple doses of antibiotics at the same time over more extended periods of time. After Noah’s younger brother Elijah because experiencing similar symptoms, the family knew they had to make a drastic decision. They sold their house in Maine and moved to Connecticut so both boys could be treated for Lyme disease and other co-infections by Dr. Jones.

“What’s important,” he says, “is to treat continuously, not stopping until all symptoms are gone.”

Dr. Jones believes both Celeste and Angela were living with undiagnosed Lyme Disease when they had their children and passed the disease to them in the womb.

Angela ended up getting diagnosed with late stage Lyme and a number of co-infections. After several months of treatment, Gilbert says she and her sons started getting better. The joint pain subsided and the severe fatigue improved. The family returned to Maine 9 months later and found a Lyme literate provider familiar with the vast range of symptoms that may indicate infection at various stages of the disease, as well as potential co-infections and other complexities. But Angela says families should not have to make extreme sacrifices to get their kids treated for Lyme. She says if CDC revised its guidelines for pediatricians on antibiotic treatment for Lyme disease, more doctors in Maine would be willing to treat children who may have undiagnosed Lyme.

‘They are in fear of losing their license that is the bottom line.’

— For information about Lyme Disease, Diagnosis and Treatment https://www.cdc.gov

— Maine Medical Center Research Institute www.ticksinmaine.com

— Information on finding a provider to treat late-stage Lyme disease. Midcoast Lyme Disease Support & Education, www.mldse.org

— International Lyme & Associated Diseases Society, www.ilads.org

— Information about Dr. Charles Jones https://health.usnews.com/doctors/charles-jones-115055

— Information on prevention, testing, treatment guidelines, support groups and other resources

Lyme Resource Card/Nelson Family Project

For real-time data on Lyme Disease rates compiled by the Maine CDC go to https://data.mainepublichealth.gov/tracking/home or www.maine.gov/lyme

NEWS CENTER Maine’s Vivien Leigh is joined by Dr. Sean McCloy, Integrative Health Center of Maine and Dr. Jacob Aguiar, Scarborough Integrative Health discussing the topic on Facebook.

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**Comment**

Mainstream medicine is still in denial, but congenital Lyme/MSIDS is real and more prevalent than realized.  While I’m thankful for this story, please note that they couldn’t conjure up ONE pediatrician to speak on congenital Lyme.  If it wasn’t for Dr. Jones, kids would be dead.  Everyone STILL is cowering behind the antiquated and unscientific CDC guidelines.

This has to stop.

The research on Lyme is ancient and poorly done.  We need new research and new laboratory techniques as borrelia is extremely fastidious and hard to culture and study.  Many coinfections are just as difficult to study and aren’t even on the radar for most doctors.  The combined effect of these pathogens is what is making us so ill:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/10/30/study-shows-lyme-msids-patients-infected-with-many-pathogens-and-explains-why-we-are-so-sick/

For the first time, Garg et al. show a 85% probability for multiple infections including not only tick-borne pathogens but also opportunistic microbes such as EBV and other viruses.  Also, 83% of all commercial tests focus only on Lyme (borrelia), despite the fact we are infected with more than one microbe.

Key Quote: “Our findings recognize that microbial infections in patients suffering from TBDs do not follow the one microbe, one disease Germ Theory as 65% of the TBD patients produce immune responses to various microbes.”

More on Congenital Lyme:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/06/19/33-years-of-documentation-of-maternal-child-transmission-of-lyme-disease-and-congenital-lyme-borreliosis-a-review/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/12/14/scientists-weigh-in-on-the-seriousness-of-tick-borne-illness-video/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/12/22/doctors-public-left-in-the-dark-on-danger-to-babies-from-lyme/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/11/11/gestational-lyme-other-tick-borne-diseases-dr-jones/

Category:

Activism, Lyme, Pregnancy, Transmission, Treatment

Tick Bite in Ear Gave UK Teacher Rickettsial Typhus Infection

https://www.foxnews.com/health/rare-tick-infection-leaves-teacher-with-memory-loss-fatigue

Rare tick infection leaves teacher with memory loss, fatigue

By Alexandria Hein | Fox News
tick1-solent-news
Keith Poultney was teaching English in Nepal when he was bitten by a tick, which spread a rare infection throughout his body leaving him with memory loss and fatigue. (Solent News)

A 40-year-old English teacher from the U.K. who was bitten by a tick in his ear while volunteering in Nepal two years ago said he still has trouble with his memory and coordination after the infection left him suffering from hallucinations and brain swelling.

Keith Poultney, who said he didn’t realize he had been bitten by the tick during his 2017 trip until a few days after developing discomfort in his ear, initially wasn’t concerned about his illness while in Nepal because others in his group had developed colds or the flu, according to The Sun.

“They treated me with antibiotics, but what they didn’t know was that the type of infection I had developed was resistant,” he said of his treatment in Nepal. “I flew home as planned, but the flight, a 12-hour flight via the Middle East, was the worst experience of my life.”

tick2-solent-newsPoultney initially wasn’t concerned about his symptoms because others in his group had been dealing with colds, but then he developed hallucinations and severe head pain. (Solent News)

He said at one point his temperature reached 104.9 and he developed severe head pain. He was rushed to Queen Alexandra Hospital in Portsmouth, where he was eventually diagnosed with encephalitis and a rickettsial typhus infection, which is typically transmitted by fleas, ticks, mites and lice and in some cases can be fatal.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), immediate treatment should be started in a patient with a suspected case of rickettsioses before confirmation is complete due to the rapid progression of the infection.

Transmission is most common during outdoor activities in the spring or summer months when ticks and fleas are most active, with a 5-14 day incubation period for most rickettsial diseases, meaning symptoms often don’t start until after the trip as ended. The most common rickettsial diseases found in travelers are in the spotted fever or typhus groups.

“I felt different in myself,” Poultney, who is still dealing with fatigue, told The Sun. “I had real problems with my balance and was unable to walk in a straight line. I physically felt as though I was impaired or drunk. I could not gauge space or distance and would often walk into door frames or knock things such as drinks over.”

Nearly two years after his diagnosis and treatment, Poultney said he still has issues with his memory, and has started working with Headway, an organization that provides support to brain injury patients.

“Without Headway’s help, I know my recovery would have been slower and more frustrating,” he told The Sun. “They were there to pick me up from a very low point in my life. I know my brain has been altered and that will most likely never change. But I also know that I shouldn’t try to deal with this on my own.”

____________________

**Comment**

In this article, a treatment resistant Rickettsial Typhus is obviously transmitted by a tick.  This is important to acknowledge.  In the following CDC information, there are numerous types of typhus but not many commonly thought to be transmitted by ticks.  

Tick-associated reservoirs of R. prowazekii (epidemic typhus) have been described in Ethiopia, Mexico, and Brazil, but the role of ticks in the natural transmission of R. prowazekii has not been characterized.

Unfortunately, the article does not mention what typhus strain caused this.

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/rickettsial-spotted-and-typhus-fevers-and-related-infections-including-anaplasmosis-and-ehrlichiosis  Excerpt below:

Rickettsial infections are caused by various bacterial species from the genera Rickettsia, Orientia, Ehrlichia, Neorickettsia, Neoehrlichia, and Anaplasma.  Rickettsia spp. are classically divided into the typhus group and spotted fever group (SFG).

Most rickettsial pathogens are transmitted by ectoparasites such as fleas, lice, mites, and ticks. It can also be transmitted by inoculating infectious fluids or feces from the ectoparasites into the skin. Inhaling or inoculating conjunctiva with infectious material may also cause infection.  Transmission after transfusion or organ transplantation is rare but has been reported.

Clinical presentations vary with the causative agent and patient; however, common symptoms that typically develop within 1–2 weeks of infection include fever, headache, malaise, rash, nausea, and vomiting. Many rickettsioses are accompanied by a maculopapular, vesicular, or petechial rash or sometimes an eschar at the site of the tick bite.

Treatment of patients with possible rickettsioses should be started when disease is suspected and should never await confirmatory testing, as certain infections can be rapidly progressive. Immediate empiric treatment with a tetracycline, most commonly doxycycline, is recommended for all ages. Almost all other broad-spectrum antibiotics are not helpful. Chloramphenicol may be an alternative in some cases, but its use is associated with more deaths, particularly for R. rickettsii. In some areas, tetracycline-resistant scrub typhus has been reported. Azithromycin may be an effective alternative. Anaplasma phagocytophilum infections may respond to rifampin, which may be an alternate drug for pregnant patients. Expert advice should be sought if alternative agents are being considered.

Doxycycline is the front-line drug for typhus and broad-spectrum antibiotics aren’t helpful.

Fact sheet on typhus: https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Factsheets/typhus.PDF   The perps are typically lice, fleas, mites, and ticks.
https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/08/19/monster-ticks-found-in-germany-threaten-europe-with-deadly-disease-crimean-congo-fever/ In this article, they found a tropical form of tick typhus in tropical ticks found in Germany. Typhus is making a comeback, particularly in the southern U.S. Migrating birds are transporting ticks as well as the diseases they carry worldwide.

Remember:  There’s no such thing as a “good” or “insignificant” tick.

All ticks are suspect until proven otherwise.

 

 

Category:

Activism, Psychological Aspects, Rickettsia, Ticks, Transmission

Relapsing Fever Spirochete Uniquely Adapted to Highly Oxidative Salivary Glands of Soft-bodied Tick

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30489694

2018 Nov 29:e12987. doi: 10.1111/cmi.12987. [Epub ahead of print]

The relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia turicatae persists in the highly oxidative environment of its soft-bodied tick vector.

Bourret TJ1, Boyle WK1, Zalud A1, Valenzuela JG2, Oliveira F2, Lopez JE3.

Abstract

The relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia turicatae possesses a complex life cycle in its soft-bodied tick vector, Ornithodoros turicata. Spirochetes enter the tick midgut during a bloodmeal, and during the following weeks spirochetes disseminate throughout O. turicata. A population persists in the salivary glands allowing for rapid transmission to mammalian hosts during tick feeding. Little is known about the physiological environment within the salivary glands acini in which B. turicatae persists. In this study, we examined the salivary gland transcriptome of O. turicata ticks and detected the expression of fifty-seven genes involved in oxidant metabolism or antioxidant defenses. We confirmed the expression of five of the most highly expressed genes including glutathione peroxidase (gpx), thioredoxin peroxidase (tpx), manganese superoxide dismutase (sod-1), copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (sod-2), and catalase (cat) by reverse-transcriptase droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR). We also found distinct differences in the expression of these genes when comparing the salivary glands and midguts of unfed O. turicata ticks.

Our results indicate that the salivary glands of unfed O. turicata nymphs are a highly oxidative environment where reactive oxygen species (ROS) predominate, while midgut tissues comprise a primarily nitrosative environment where nitric oxide synthase is highly expressed. Additionally, B. turicatae was found to be hyperresistant to ROS compared to the Lyme disease spirochete B. burgdorferi, suggesting that it is uniquely adapted to the highly oxidative environment of O. turicata salivary gland acini.

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**Comment**

Much can be learned about Borrelia turicatae by reading this case study:  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/5/16-2069_article

We learn:

  • Ornithodoros turicata soft bodied ticks, are endemic to Texas and Florida
  • They are found in caves and ground squirrel or prairie dog burrows  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/04/23/tick-borne-relapsing-fever-found-in-austin-texas-caves/
  • Once infected, they remain infected for the rest of their lives, which can be up to ten years.
  • Attachment is painless
  • They are rapid night feeders (5-60min)
  • Due to their rapid feeding they are rarely found or leave lesions
  • Patient in study suffered with headache, nausea, & pain behind knees
  • Had numerous lesions which resolved after 6 days (without treatment)
  • Developed persistent fever
  • Developed thrombocytopenia (low platelets)
  • Developed elevated Erythrocyte sedimentation rate & C-reactive protein
  • Improved rapidly with doxycycline
  • Platelet count normalized within 2 weeks
  • Asymptomatic soldiers with similar exposure were treated prophylactically
  • TBRF is a neglected and probably underdiagnosed disease
  • Published cases in Texas have been supported by serology for the TBRF group, exposure location, and tick collections, but the authors state successful identification of B. turicatae in a human has not been reported
  • Military training groups in Israel have declared certain caves off limits because of heavy tick presence https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/10/27/israeli-kids-get-lyme-disease-from-ticks-in-caves/ and have prophylactically administered doxycycline to those suspected to have been exposed
  • Asymptomatic patients given doxy don’t have a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction but those with active illness do
Another study demonstrating the wily and adaptable nature of spirochetes.

 

 

 

 

Category:

Borrelia Miyamotoi (Relapsing Fever Group), research, Testing, Ticks, Transmission

Baggio-Yoshinari Brazil’s Lyme-Like Illness From Ticks That Shouldn’t Transmit it

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6218955/

. 2018; 73: e394.
Published online 2018 Nov 6. doi: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e394
PMCID: PMC6218955
PMID: 30462754

Passage of Borrelia burgdorferi through diverse Ixodid hard ticks causes distinct diseases: Lyme borreliosis and Baggio-Yoshinari syndrome

Carmen Silvia Molleis Galego Miziara,I,* Virginia Aparecida Gelmeti Serrano,I and Natalino YoshinariII
Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer

Abstract

Baggio-Yoshinari syndrome is an emerging, tick-borne, infectious disease recently discovered in Brazil. This syndrome is similar to Lyme disease, which is common in the United States of America, Europe and Asia; however, Brazilian borreliosis diverges from the disease observed in the Northern Hemisphere in its epidemiological, microbiological, laboratory and clinical characteristics. Polymerase chain reaction procedures showed that Baggio-Yoshinari syndrome is caused by the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto spirochete. This bacterium has not yet been isolated or cultured in adequate culture media. In Brazil, this zoonosis is transmitted to humans through the bite of Amblyomma and Rhipicephalus genera ticks; these vectors do not belong to the usual Lyme disease transmitters, which are members of the Ixodes ricinus complex. The adaptation of Borrelia burgdorferi to Brazilian vectors and reservoirs probably originated from spirochetes with atypical morphologies (cysts or cell-wall-deficient bacteria) exhibiting genetic adjustments, such as gene suppression. These particularities could explain the protracted survival of these bacteria in hosts, beyond the induction of a weak immune response and the emergence of serious reactive symptoms. The aim of the present report is to note differences between Baggio-Yoshinari syndrome and Lyme disease, to help health professionals recognize this exotic and neglected zoonosis.

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**Comment**

This abstract shows a Bbss spirochete NOT YET isolated or cultured in adequate culture media, i.e., is invisible to current lab techniques.  Also, please note that the ticks mentioned are not TYPICALLY thought of as transmitting Lyme.

Two commonly touted myths busted to smithereens.

The plot thickens with the mere mention of ATYPICAL morphologies (cysts or cell wall deficient) bacteria as well as GENETIC ADJUSTMENTS WITH GENE SUPRESSION, and the ability of these bacteria to SURVIVE FOR A LONG TIME.  

To this day, the CDC/IDSA refuses to recognize the persistent nature and pleomorphism of Bb.

Researchers who talk about pleomorphism are almost always from outside the U.S.:  https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00596/full  There’s only a handful of U.S. researchers taking on pleomorphism.  All the IDSA-authors (The Cabal) report about Lyme as if it were a mere nuisance, which it is not.

In short, we have a LYME-LIKE Illness that:

  • can’t be picked up with common lab techniques
  • coming from ticks that don’t normally transmit it
  • caused by a bacteria that shape-shifts
  • makes genetic adjustments to survive

Now add other potential pathogens to this stew and it’s quite clear why patients are so ill and why it takes far more than 21 days of the mono-therapy of doxycycline.

Please spread the word!

For More:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/10/30/study-shows-lyme-msids-patients-infected-with-many-pathogens-and-explains-why-we-are-so-sick/  This international group of researchers state that:

“Our findings recognize that microbial infections in patients suffering from TBDs do not follow the one microbe, one disease Germ Theory as 65% of the TBD patients produce immune responses to various microbes.”

They also point out that 83% of all commercial tests focus only on Lyme (borrelia), despite the fact we are infected with more than one microbe.

They too mention the pleomorphism of borrelia:

“In addition to tick-borne co-infections and non-tick-borne opportunistic infections, pleomorphic Borrelia persistent forms may induce distinct immune responses in patients by having different antigenic properties compared to typical spirochetes32,33,34,35. Nonetheless, current LD diagnostic tools do not include Borrelia persistent forms, tick-borne co-infections, and non-tick-borne opportunistic infections.”

It’s all right here in bright purple crayon.

 

 

Category:

Lyme, research, Testing, Ticks, Transmission