Archive for the ‘research’ Category

Obstetrical and Neonatal Outcomes in Women With Gestational Lyme Disease

https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijgo.15380

Obstetrical and neonatal outcomes in women with gestational Lyme disease

First published: 21 January 2024
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.15380
Read the full text

Abstract

Objective

The incidence of Lyme disease (LD) infections has risen in recent decades. Gestational LD has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes; however, the results have been contradictory. The study objective was to examine the effects of gestational LD on obstetrical and neonatal outcomes.

Methods

Using the Healthcare Cost & Utilization Project National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample from the United States, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of pregnant patients admitted to the hospital between 2016 and 2019. The exposed group consisted of pregnant patients with gestational LD infection (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision [ICD-10] code A692x), while the comparison group consisted of pregnant patients without gestational LD. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression models, adjusted for baseline maternal characteristics, were used to determine the associations between gestational LD and obstetrical and neonatal outcomes.

Results

The cohort included 2 ,943, 575 women, 226 of whom were diagnosed with LD during pregnancy. The incidence of LD was 7.67 per 100, 000 pregnancy admissions. The incidence of gestational LD was stable over the study period. Pregnant patients with LD were more likely white, older, to have private health insurance, and to belong to a higher income quartile. Gestational LD was associated with an increased risk of placental abruption (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.45 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.53–7.80]) and preterm birth (aOR, 1.58 [95% CI, 1.03–2.42]).

Conclusion

Gestational LD is associated with a higher risk of placental abruption and preterm birth. Pregnancies complicated by LD, while associated with a higher risk of certain adverse outcomes, can be followed in most healthcare settings.

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Category:

Lyme, Pregnancy, research, Transmission

First Record of Ixodes Keiransi (Acari: Ixodidae) in NJ

https://academic.oup.com/jme/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/jme

First record of Ixodes keiransi (Acari: Ixodidae) in New Jersey, USA

Zoe E Narvaez, Andrea M Egizi, Dana C Price
Journal of Medical Entomology, tjae037, https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjae037
Published:  16 March 2024

Abstract

The hard tick, Ixodes keiransi Beati, Nava, Venzal, & Guglielmone, formerly the North American lineage of Ixodes affinis Neumann, is expanding its range northward along the US East Coast. In July 2023, we collected I. keiransi adult female and nymph in a single sampling event, suggesting its range now includes southern New Jersey. In this area, I. keiransi is sympatric with northern populations of Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae), the primary vector of Lyme disease. Given its status as an enzootic vector of spirochaetes in the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, proper differentiation of these 2 species will be critical for accurate estimates of entomological risk. Targeted surveillance should be implemented to monitor further I. keiransi expansion and to elucidate the phenology and enzootic role of this and other understudied Ixodes spp. in the northeastern United States.

Category:

research, Ticks

Fewer Ticks = Less Lyme? Nope

https://highlandscurrent.org/2024/03/15/fewer-ticks-less-lyme-maybe-not/

Fewer Ticks = Less Lyme? Maybe Not.

by Brian PJ Cronin

Tick Project releases results of five-year study

Article Excerpts:

First, the good news: Over five years, 46 Millbrook-based researchers found that bait boxes reduced the tick population in the yards of Dutchess County residents by half.

The bad news: It didn’t matter. Although there were fewer ticks, it had little effect on reducing illness or people’s encounters with them, findings in line with a preliminary study completed in 2016.

For the study, researchers selected 24 neighborhoods in Dutchess County, including some in Beacon. They applied fungal spray and bait boxes, both of which are commercially available and safe for people, pets and the environment.

The spray, which is sold as Met52, is made from Metarhizium anisopliae, which is found in forest soil in the eastern U.S. “It makes its living by attacking and killing arthropods on the forest floor, digesting them and using them as a food source,” said Ostfeld.

The bait boxes attract rodents that, once inside, rub against a wick that applies a non-toxic insecticide with the same active ingredient as Frontline, a tick treatment for pets. “It’s safe for vertebrates but lethal for ticks,” Ostfeld said.  (See link for article)

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**Comment**

There are no easy answers here.  Sorry.

This is why our family has been without pets for years now.  Living in the Wisconsin woods is bad enough without inviting ticks into the house via pets.

While the article states Frontline is “safe,” I’ve actually known dogs to get sick and/or die after using it.  Also, a flea and tick collar caused our dog to lose his hair.  Our healthy, albeit older, dog suddenly developed a poor immune system and eventually died.  I don’t believe this a coincidence and the suspicious timing of the collar is too great to ignore.

Besides the most common reactions Frontline causes like hair loss, itching, and redness, and neurological issues like uncoordinated movement and lethargy, research by the EPA in 2009 examined incident data for spot-on pesticides used on dogs, including fipronil products for dogs and cats. The report on Frontline Plus for Dogs shows that of a total of 2469 incidents, they classified:

  • 1,872 (76%) as minor
  • 51 (21%) as moderate
  • 47 (2%) as major
  • 39 (<2%)  were deaths
These side effects are not addressed anywhere on Frontline’s website.

The EPA’s study also covered many other spot-on pesticides for dogs, and while some incidents were classified as minor, it’s important to note there were major incidents and deaths associated with every product.

Dr Jennifer Ramelmeier, a veterinarian who advises her patients to avoid using it states:

“The first response of the body when the patient develops a toxic load is to discharge from the body via the eyes, the ears, the skin and through loose stool … these discharges make a great medium for bacterial and yeast growth (which live naturally on your dog’s body).”

Frontline Plus is produced and owned by Merial, the animal subsidiary of Sanofi, a multinational pharmaceutical company

Ramelmeier and some other veterinarians started noticing that after the initial dose and bodily discharges, repeated doses are linked to conditions that don’t improve, cancer, and then death.

Others disagree and simply state it’s safe.

Here is some of the best advice from holistic vets:

  • Maintain the health of your pet. This means a healthy diet and physical activity. Also minimize the use of unnecessary pharmaceuticals. Healthy animals have lower body temperatures and cooler animals attract fewer fleas.
  • To actively repel fleas, she recommends products like neem oil.
  • Use Shoo tags
  • Feed garlic
  • Apply geranium oil to the collar of your dog to prevent fleas and ticks

Want to know how you can keep the fleas and ticks away naturally? Check out this article for more information on safe flea and tick protection.

Regarding Neem oil – I’ve used it for years as a pesticide on plants with very good effect.  I have not used it on pets.

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Category:

research, Ticks

LSU Obtains Grant to Synthesize Affordable Nootkatone

https://www.lsu.edu/eng/news/2024/03/che-nsf-pfi-grant-lyme-disease.php

Chemical Engineering, Biological Sciences Faculty Receive Largest NSF PFI Grant Ever Awarded to LSU

Mike Benton, Kerry Dooley, Roger Laine
Nootkatone Studies Could Lead to Prevention of Lyme Disease

March 25, 2024

BATON ROUGE, LA – Thanks to a $550,000 National Science Foundation Partnership for Innovation grant—the largest NSF PFI grant ever awarded to LSU—LSU Chemical Engineering (ChE) Professor Kerry Dooley, LSU ChE Department Chair and Professor Mike Benton, and LSU Department of Biological Sciences (Biol. Sci.) Professor Roger Laine will continue their work on a project that could bring affordable and effective insect repellent to the masses, possibly decreasing the number of Lyme disease, malaria, and West Nile virus cases around the world.

The project involves the use of nootkatone, an FDA-approved organic compound found in grapefruit skin and Alaska yellow cedar trees that is a natural deterrent for many insects, including the deer tick responsible for Lyme disease. The LSU researchers propose decreasing the cost of the nootkatone synthesis, making any products made with the compound affordable to the general public.

“The family of compounds that make up nootkatone is already proven to be both safer and more effective than existing commercial repellents,” principal investigator Dooley said. “However, it’s now too expensive for consumer insect repellents. We plan to greatly streamline, optimize, and reduce the costs associated with the synthesis.”

According to Laine, there have been few insect repellents on the market since DEET, which is found in most insect repellent sprays and creams currently available. However, a mosquito test showed that nootkatone at 5% in rubbing alcohol was superior to DEET, which usually needs to be administered at greater than 20% concentration, even six hours after application.

Years ago, Laine discovered the efficacy of nootkatone as an insect repellent while collaborating with retired LSU AgCenter Entomologist Gregg Henderson in Laine’s lab. They found that nootkatone repelled insects like mosquitos, gnats, wood ticks, fleas, termites, lice, and fire ants because the insects weren’t eating the vetivone grass that, unbeknownst to them, contained nootkatone. Former LSU Biol. Sci. Senior Research Associate Betty Zhu tested 15 other compounds that resembled the structure of the vetivone and discovered that nootkatone was the best repellent compound. Nootkatone had already been approved by the FDA at the time, with the CDC later discovering that it also repels deer ticks.

Though nootkatone was found to be the best repellent, the problem was the cost to buy it in pure form.

“Nootkatone costs $2,500/kg, which is too costly for insect repellent,” Laine said. “It should be $200-$300/kg, then you can add it to lotions and sunscreens.”

Dooley discovered that one important way to save on the cost would be to modify a step in the eight-step synthesis of nootkatone.

“I did a cost analysis of the synthesis process, and 70% of the cost is concentrated in the fourth step of the eight-step process,” Dooley said. “I decided this step in particular could be significantly reduced in cost.”

The eight-step synthesis was created in just two years by former LSU Chemistry Graduate Student Anne Sauer, who was working under retired professor William Crowe as a collaboration with Laine and Henderson. To simplify two oxidation steps in the eight-step synthesis, which is patented by LSU, Laine subsequently obtained a Board of Regents seed grant and hired synthetic chemist Xuefeng Gao to successfully modify the synthesis using ozone, now covered by new U.S. and Japanese LSU patents authored by Laine.

In the fourth step, the original paper and patent uses potassium hydride and 18-Crown-6 ether, along with tetrahydrofuran, as a solvent. Dooley read up on how people were trying to execute this step without using these expensive components and thought he and Benton should come up with a catalyst and solvent that could significantly reduce the cost of this step.

“It’s incredibly complicated and it takes a long, sustained effort to go from making a few grams of something to making kilograms or kilotons,” Dooley said. “There’s a lot of work on optimizing separations, minimizing the solvent use, getting certain impurities down, and getting yields slightly up. These things take a lot of time and effort.”

The LSU research team hopes to sell their synthesis process to a manufacturing company, who would then be able to mass produce affordable nootkatone products that could save people’s lives by preventing bites from infectious insects.

A 2024 CDC report states that there were 62,551 Lyme disease cases in 2022. Recent estimates using new data collection methods suggest approximately 476,000 people may be diagnosed with Lyme disease each year in the U.S.

“The deer tick is spreading throughout the U.S.,” Dooley said. “It’s not just prevalent in the Northeast.”

In other words, insects are going nowhere. A 2023 CDC report states there were 2,406 cases of West Nile virus across 43 states with the number of cases expected to increase in 2024. Per the World Health Organization, there were a reported 249 million cases of malaria worldwide last year.

“Sixty million people die of malaria each year,” Laine said. “It’s possible that if this eight-step synthesis process could produce nootkatone products that get to poorer countries, then WHO could possibly fund it. Mosquito nets could be covered with it, or they could have cloth ankle bands with nootkatone so ticks can’t crawl up your leg. The Department of Defense is also interested in ways to protect military personnel against tick-borne diseases. There are a lot of marketing niches with this.”

Contact: Libby Haydel
Communications Manager
225-578-4840
ehaydel1@lsu.edu

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Category:

mosquitoes, Prevention, research, Ticks, Treatment

Adaptive Immune Response Investigation in Lyme Borreliosis

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38165616/

Adaptive Immune Response Investigation in Lyme Borreliosis

Mihail Pruteanu 1, Armin Schwarzbach 2, Markus Berger 2

Abstract

To diagnose Lyme Borreliosis, it is advised to use an enzyme-linked immunosorbent test to check for serum antibodies specific for Lyme and all tests with positive or ambiguous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results being confirmed by immunoblot. This method of measuring the humoral immunity in human fluids (e.g., by ELISA) has provided robust and reproducible results for decades and similar assays have been validated for monitoring of B cell immunity. These immunological tests that detect antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi are useful in the diagnosis of Borreliosis on a routine basis. The variety of different Borrelia species and their different geographic distributions are the main reasons why standards and recommendations are not identical across all geographic regions of the world. In contrast to humoral immunity, the T cell reaction or cellular immunity to the Borrelia infection has not been well elucidated, but over time with more studies a novel T cell-based assay (EliSpot) has been developed and validated for the sensitive detection of antigen-specific T cell responses to B. burgdorferi. The EliSpot Lyme assay can be used to study the T cell response elicited by Borrelia infections, which bridges the gap between the ability to detect humoral immunity and cellular immunity in Lyme disease. In addition, detecting cellular immunity may be a helpful laboratory diagnostic test for Lyme disease, especially for seronegative Lyme patients. Since serodiagnostic methods of the Borrelia infection frequently provide false positive and negative results, this T cell-based diagnostic test (cellular assay) may help in confirming a Lyme diagnosis. Many clinical laboratories are convinced that the cellular assay is superior to the Western Blot assay in terms of sensitivity for detecting the underlying Borrelia infection. Research also suggests that there is a dissociation between the magnitude of the humoral and the T cell-mediated cellular immune responses in the Borrelia infection. Lastly, the data implies that the EliSpot Lyme assay may be helpful to identify Borrelia infected individuals when the serology-based diagnostic fails to do so. Here in this chapter the pairing of humoral and cellular immunity is employed to evaluate the adaptive response in patients.

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Category:

Lyme, research, Testing