Archive for the ‘Ticks’ Category

Babesia odocoilei Found in Canadian Black Legged Ticks

https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030327

Detection of Babesia odocoilei in Ixodes scapularis Ticks Collected in Southern Ontario, Canada

by John D. Scott1,*, Emily L. Pascoe1, Muhammad S. Sajid1,2 and Janet E. Foley1
 
 
Pathogens 2021, 10(3), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030327
Received: 5 February 2021 / Revised: 2 March 2021 / Accepted: 4 March 2021 / Published: 10 March 2021

Abstract

Tick-borne zoonotic diseases have an economic and societal impact on the well-being of people worldwide. In the present study, a high frequency of Babesia odocoilei, a red blood cell parasite, was observed in the Huronia area of Ontario, Canada. Notably, 71% (15/21) blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis, collected from canine and feline hosts were infected with B. odocoilei. Consistent with U.S. studies, 12.5% (4/32) of questing I. scapularis adults collected by flagging in various parts of southwestern Ontario were positive for B. odocoilei. Our data show that all B. odocoilei strains in the present study have consistent genetic identity, and match type strains in the GenBank database. The high incidence of B. odocoilei in the Huronia area indicates that this babesial infection is established, and is cycling enzootically in the natural environment. Our data confirm that B. odocoilei has wide distribution in southern Ontario. View Full-Text
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**Comment**
 
Just last year, for the first time, Scott et al. confirmed the transstadial passage of B. odocoilei in black legged ticks molting from larvae to nymphs, showing it is present in all mobile lifestages.  These ticks are widely dispersed from common song-birds.  The question begging to be asked of course is whether Babesia odocoilei is a human pathogen.  Once again it would explain why so many aren’t testing positive for Babesia.
These important transmission studies are ignored but piling up by the week with all the newly discovered strains of coinfections that will never in a thousand years be picked up by current testing.
Transmission isn’t a sexy topic; however, and money for research continues to be driven by the climate agenda.  
 
 
 
 
 

Category:

Babesia, research, Ticks

Mapping Tick-borne Disease Risk in Wisconsin

https://www.sph.umn.edu/news/mapping-tick-borne-disease-risk-in-wisconsin/

A deer tick on a leaf.

Mapping tick-borne disease risk in Wisconsin

PhD student Austin Rau analyzed the cases of three serious — but lesser-known — tick-borne diseases in Wisconsin and found that they are increasing, moving, and varying over time across the state.

CHARLIE PLAIN | SEPTEMBER 22, 2020

Lyme disease is easily the most well-known type of tick-borne infection, but there are others that make people sick as well. Recently, a new study from the School of Public Health analyzed the cases of three other serious — but lesser-known — tick-borne diseases in Wisconsin and found that they are increasing, moving, and varying over time.

Austin Rau smiling in front of a tree.
Study lead author and PhD student Austin Rau

“Compared to Lyme disease, less research has been completed on non-Lyme tick-borne infections and awareness of these diseases is lower,” says lead author and PhD student Austin Rau. “If you ask most people, they couldn’t name what the second most-common tick-borne disease is.”

The study was published in The International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health and was co-authored by SPH Assistant Professors Jesse Berman and Jonathan Oliver and Associate Professor Claudia Muñoz-Zanzi.

For the study, Rau and his team examined patient data from the Marshfield Clinic Healthcare System, which serves north and central Wisconsin. They analyzed patient electronic medical records for the period of 2000-2016 for clinic laboratory results confirming or supporting cases of three non-Lyme diseases from ticks: anaplasmosis, babesiosis, and ehrlichiosis. All three diseases are bacterial or parasitic infections from the bite of deer ticks and can be difficult to diagnose. In most cases, the infections produce on-going flu-like symptoms. 

Rau used his specialized training in geographical information systems and spatial analysis to map where the nearly 3,000 patients diagnosed with the diseases lived in order to determine the risk of having a positive laboratory test result in those areas.

Anaplasmosis

  • 2,728 cases of anaplasmosis were identified. 
  • People in northern Wisconsin were at greatest risk for having a positive laboratory test result.
  • The risk area for anaplasmosis shifted from west to east the study years.
  • The years of greatest risk were 2010-2016.
  • June to August were found to be peak months for positive laboratory test results, with a five times greater risk compared to other months.

Babesiosis

  • 213 cases of babesiosis were identified.
  • People in northwest Wisconsin were at greatest risk for having a positive laboratory test result.
  • The area of greatest risk was in the southern part of the clinic’s territory at the start of the study period before shifting north and then west over time.
  • The years of greatest risk were 2011-2013.
  • July to August were peak months for positive laboratory test results, raising the risk for babesiosis by seven times compared to other months.

Ehrlichiosis

  • Only 15 cases of ehrlichiosis were identified.
  • The number of cases were too small to determine any significant trends.

“It’s interesting to see that the two diseases — anaplasmosis and babesiosis — had differentgeographic patterns of risk — why is that,” asks Rau. “It could be due to a difference in infection prevalence among the ticks for these two diseases. It could also be because of the movement of ticks and animals they attach onto, such as white-tailed deer.”

According to the researchers, the behaviors of people likely are an important factor as well, and activities, such as hiking and hunting, could increase their risk of being infected by a tick.

Rau says the study’s methods and findings can help healthcare providers in Wisconsin and other regions where ticks live to determine potential hot spots and better prepare for tick season.

“It’s helpful for physicians and public health workers to know the months and geographic areas that pose the highest risk so that they can expect and be on the lookout for cases,” says Rau. “It’s also good for people to know when and where their risk of possible infection is higher so they can take appropriate measures to prevent tick bites.”

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**Comment**

Updates:

Warmer temperatures mean that adult deer ticks are now active. Be sure to start tick checks whenever you have been outside.

https://www.wiscontext.org/encountering-backyard-bloodsuckers-tick-app-tracks

**Warning** There are a number of inaccuracies within the article.

Excerpt:

With peak tick season imminent in the upper Midwest, researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison are hopeful more people will download and use a free smartphone app that helps track and identify the tiny blood-sucking arachnids.

The Tick App launched in Wisconsin in time for the 2018 tick season, and more than 600 people in the state have downloaded it so far. The app is part of a behavioral study being carried out by researchers at UW-Madison and Columbia University in New York who are seeking to better understand where and how people encounter ticks. They’re particularly interested in finding out what activities people are doing (and where they’re doing them) when they encounter black-legged (or deer) ticks (Ixodes scapularis), which often carry the bacterium that causes Lyme disease.

About 20-30% of deer ticks can be infected with Borrelia burgdorferi, the disease-causing bacterium, explained Lyric Bartholomay, who studies diseases in ticks and other invertebrates in the Department of Pathobiological Sciences at the UW-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine. Bartholomay spoke about the Tick App and tick-borne diseases during a May 29, 2019 interview on Wisconsin Public Radio’s The Morning Show.

For more on Wisconsin ticks.

Category:

Activism, Anaplasmosis, Babesia, Ehrlichiosis, research, Ticks

Study Finds Half of Sampled Birds Have Competence for Lyme

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.13256

RESEARCH PAPER

The macroecology and evolution of avian competence for Borrelia burgdorferi

First published: 21 January 2021
https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13256
Read the full text

Abstract

Aim

Prediction of novel reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens would be improved by the identification of interspecific drivers of host competence (i.e., the ability to transmit pathogens to new hosts or vectors). Tick‐borne pathogens can provide a useful model system, because larvae become infected only when feeding on a competent host during their first blood meal. For tick‐borne diseases, competence has been studied best for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl), which causes Lyme borreliosis. Major reservoirs include several small mammal species, but birds might play an under‐recognized role in human risk given their ability to disperse infected ticks across large spatial scales. Here, we provide a global synthesis of the ecological and evolutionary factors that determine the ability of bird species to infect larval ticks with Bbsl.

Location

Global.

Time period

1983–2019.

Major taxa studied

Birds.

Methods

We compiled a dataset of Bbsl competence across 183 bird species and applied meta‐analysis, phylogenetic factorization and boosted regression trees to describe spatial and temporal patterns in competence, characterize its phylogenetic distribution across birds, reconstruct its evolution and evaluate the trait profiles associated with competent avian species.

Results

Half of the sampled bird species show evidence of competence for Bbsl. Competence displays moderate phylogenetic signal, has evolved multiple times across bird species and is pronounced in the genus Turdus. Trait‐based analyses distinguished competent birds with 80% accuracy and showed that such species have low baseline corticosterone, exist on both ends of the pace‐of‐life continuum, breed and winter at high latitudes and have broad migratory movements into their breeding range. We used these trait profiles to predict various likely but unsampled competent species, including novel concentrations of avian reservoirs within the Neotropics.

Main conclusion

Our results can generate new hypotheses for how birds contribute to the dynamics of tick‐borne pathogens and help to prioritize surveillance of likely but unsampled competent birds. Our findings also emphasize that birds display under‐recognized variation in their contributions to enzootic cycles of Bbsl and the broader need to consider competence in ecological and predictive studies of multi‐host pathogens.

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For more:  

Category:

Lyme, research, Ticks

Flea Collars Linked to Thousands of Pet Deaths and Injuries to Pets AND Humans – EPA Still Won’t Warn Public

https://www.activistpost.com/2021/03/flea-collars-linked-to-thousands-of-pet-deaths-and-injuries-to-pets-and-humans-epa-still-wont-warn-public.

Flea Collars Linked to Thousands of Pet Deaths and Injuries to Pets AND Humans — EPA Still Won’t Warn Public

MARCH 3, 2021

By B.N. Frank

If we can’t depend on the EPA to warn the public about something so thoroughly documented, should we depend on the agency to warn the public about anything at all?

From USA Today:

Popular flea collar linked to almost 1,700 pet deaths. The EPA has issued no warning.

Johnathan Hettinger

Midwest Center for Investigative Reporting

Rhonda Bomwell had never used a flea and tick collar before. Pierre, her 9-year-old Papillon service dog, was mostly an indoor animal.

Still, her veterinarian recommended she purchase one, so Bomwell went to the pet store near her home in Somerset, New Jersey, and selected Bayer’s Seresto collar.

A day later, on June 2, 2020, Pierre had a seizure, collapsing while Bomwell was making dinner. Lying on his back, the dog stopped breathing and his eyes rolled back. (See link for article)

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For more:  

http://

This collar will tighten on its own but not loosen – so if your dog pulls against it there is the potential for strangulation, which has occurred.

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After the Seresto Tick and Flea collar was put on, Billy the cat started began sleeping, stumbling around and wouldn’t use his litter box.  After removing the collar the symptoms went away.  When putting it back on, within 30 minutes he became lethargic and stumbled around again.

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Steve Lehto reads the USA Today article on how the Seresto tick and flea collar has killed nearly 1,700 pets.  He also states you should call the EPA if you suspect your pet’s death is due to a flea collar.

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Veterinarian Dr. Andrew Jones talks about flea and tick product side effects.  He also gives his receipe for a “natural” flea and tick spray for dogs here.  (He uses witch hazel, aloe vera juice, and essential oils)

For more on tick prevention:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2019/04/12/tick-prevention-2019/  Please talk with your veterinarian for the best prevention products.  

Our own dog’s health spiraled down after we put a tick collar on him.  Despite our vet’s assurance it wasn’t due to the collar, I’ve always been unsettled by it.  The article in this post reignited my concerns about products that are supposed to be “safe and effective.”  Listen to your gut.  

RIP Bucky

Category:

Activism, Prevention, Ticks

16-Year-Old Boy With Lyme Disease Presenting as Depression

https://danielcameronmd.com/16-year-old-boy-lyme-disease-presenting-depression/

16-YEAR-OLD BOY WITH LYME DISEASE PRESENTING AS DEPRESSION

Adolescent with Lyme disease and depression holding his head

There has been increasing research linking COVID-19 with the development of neuropsychiatric symptoms, including depression and anxiety. But multiple studies have already found an association between other infections, such as Lyme disease, and the onset of depression.

By
 

One study found a high prevalence of depression in Lyme disease patients. Between January 2008 and December 2014, 1 in 5 patients treated at the Lyme Center Apeldoorn in the Netherlands was diagnosed with depression and Lyme disease. ¹

Meanwhile, Dr. Robert Bransfield, a psychiatrist specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of tick-borne illnesses, reports “In my database, depression is the most common psychiatric syndrome associated with late-stage Lyme dis­ease.”

“I estimate that there are at least 1,200 people per year who commit suicide as the result of Lyme disease,”  Bransfield writes in his article “Suicide, Lyme and Associated Diseases.” ²

Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, “may be diagnosed as a persistent infection with immune suppressant and evasive capabilities or there may be a postinfectious process,” Bransfield writes. “In either case, the psychiatric symptoms are associated with an immune-mediated process.”

Brian Fallon, MD, director of the Lyme and Tick-Borne Diseases Research Center at Columbia University, describes the case of a 16-year-old adolescent who presented with long-standing depression, which suddenly worsened.³

Neuropsychiatric symptoms

He reported anger, frustration, insomnia, poor appetite, mild weight loss, and passive suicidal ideation. He would say, “I wish I could just die in my sleep.”

The boy complained of brain fog and had a steep decline in cognitive abilities. His symptoms were initially presumed to be caused by “either laziness or mild depression.” He suffered from ongoing knee pain and was forced to quit sports.

His grades dropped from “A’s” in 7th grade to nearly failing by 10th grade. He suffered from fatigue and forgetfulness. “He appeared lazy because he found it hard to get out of bed in the morning,” Fallon writes.

The boy’s symptoms were extensive and included:

• severe headaches
• facial fasciculations, myalgias
• stiff neck
• hyperacusis
• episodic paresthesias of his face and hands
• sudden sweating
• painful joints
• sore throats
• palpitations
• electric shock-like pains
• word-finding problems, such that it was hard to finish sentences
• semantic paraphasias
• short-term memory problems, such that he could not recall conversations
• testicular pain

Since he reported having embedded ticks in the past, Lyme disease was clinically diagnosed “given the suspicious clinical history.”

His Lyme ELISA results were negative twice in the prior 3 months, but his IgG Western blot revealed 4 of the 5 requisite CDC specific bands. A brain SPECT revealed findings consistent with encephalitis, vasculitis, and Lyme disease.

Treatment response

The boy was diagnosed with probable Lyme encephalopathy and treated with 12 weeks of intravenous ceftriaxone.

He improved on sleep, appetite, headaches, joint pains, numbness, distractibility, short-term memory, and emotional behavior. His depression cleared without the need for antidepressant medications. His IQ improved by 22 points, and his school performance markedly improved.

Related Articles:

Don’t confuse somatic symptoms with depression in early Lyme disease

Chronic neurological Lyme disease or co-morbid conditions?

Oppositional behavior in children with Lyme disease

References:
  1. Zomer, T.P., et al., Depressive Symptoms in Patients Referred to a Tertiary Lyme Center: High Prevalence in Those Without Evidence of Lyme Borreliosis. Clin Infect Dis, 2017. 65(10): p. 1689-1694.
  2. Bransfield RC. Suicide and Lyme and associated diseases. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017;13:1575-1587. Published 2017 Jun 16. doi:10.2147/NDT.S136137.
  3. Fallon BA, Kochevar JM, Gaito A, Nields JA. The underdiagnosis of neuropsychiatric Lyme disease in children and adults. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1998;21(3):693-703, viii.

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**Comment**

If there was ever a great example of the importance of Lyme/MSIDS being clinically diagnosed, this is it!

This poor teenager would have continued spiraling down until he might just have achieved his wish of dying.  

This study points out a number of things parents and doctors should be considering:

  1. The plethora of symptoms that suggest a systemic infection(s)
  2. The drop in grades
  3. The stiff neck (few things cause this – but it’s hallmark for Lyme)
  4. The fact antibiotics helped so many of the symptoms – including the depression – without any antidepressants
  5. He was seronegative – and so many are.  Doctors have to stop relying upon testing to diagnose this and must become more educated on tick-borne illness.
The CDC just upped numbers again from 300,000 to 476,000 new cases of Lyme diseases per year – highlighting the fact this plague is serious, isn’t going away, and something needs to be done about it.

For more:

We can be thankful he fell into the hands of Dr. Fallon or this young man would most probably not had a favorable outcome.

Category:

Lyme, Psychological Aspects, research, Ticks