Madison Area Lyme Support Group

Tufts & Diuk-Wasser purport that their discovery of the red sheep tick, Haemaphysalis punctata (Acari: Ixodidae), on Block Island, Rhode Island, USA, is the first report of this tick species in the Western Hemisphere [1]. However, Hadwen reported H. punctata at Winnipeg, Manitoba 111 years earlier [2]. Moreover, H. punctata was reported by C.L. Koch, at Para, Brazil in 1847. Therefore, Tufts and Diuk-Wasser have overlooked previously published scientific research on the presence of H. punctata in the Western Hemisphere.

Tufts & Diuk-Wasser allege that range expansion of ticks is due to climate change. In fact, the ambient temperatures on Block Island are modulated by the Gulf Stream, and there are no data (i.e. historical daily mean temperatures over the past 100 years) to substantiate climate change on this coastal island. In reality, multiple abiotic and biotic factors contribute to the distribution of H. punctata, including

• dog travel
• suitable hosts
• photoperiod
• songbird migration
• livestock imports
• seasonal weather variation
• dislocation of parasitized songbirds during trans-Atlantic storms

Based on a recent Scandinavian tick-host study [3], researchers on bird ticks reported H. punctata parasitizing songbirds, and these avian hosts have the potential to widely disperse H. punctata, especially during bidirectional migration. In North America, passerine migrants disperse ticks, particularly during northward spring migration [4]. Pertinent to native ticks, the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, which is indigenous east of the Rocky Mountains, is eco-adaptive. For example, at Kenora, Ontario, this tick species survives temperatures ranging from − 44 °C to + 36 °C. This is a temperature differential of 80 °C. Any research to link ticks to climate change has been inconclusive and unsubstantiated.

Not only did the authors miss the initial discovery of H. punctata in North America, they unfortunately failed to justify any finite effect of climate change on ticks.