Archive for the ‘Ticks’ Category

Borrelia Miyamotoi in CA: Serodiagnosis is Complicated by Multiple Endemic Borrelia Species

Human Borrelia miyamotoi infection in California: Serodiagnosis is complicated by multiple endemic Borrelia species

Krause PJ, Carroll M, Fedorova N, Brancato J, Dumouchel C, Akosa F, Narasimhan S, Fikrig E, Lane RS.
PLoS One. 2018 Feb 8;13(2):e0191725. eCollection 2018.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191725

Abstract

To determine whether human Borrelia miyamotoi infection occurs in the far-western United States, we tested archived sera from northwestern California residents for antibodies to this emerging relapsing fever spirochete. These residents frequently were exposed to I. pacificus ticks in a region where B. miyamotoi tick infection has been reported.

We used a two-step B. miyamotoi rGlpQ assay and a B. miyamotoi whole-cell lysate (WCL) assay to detect B. miyamotoi antibody. We also employed Borrelia hermsii and Borrelia burgdorferi WCL assays to examine if these Borrelia induce cross reacting antibody to B. miyamotoi. Sera were collected from 101 residents in each of two consecutive years.

The sera of 12 and 14 residents in years one and two, respectively, were B. miyamotoirGlpQ seroreactive. Sufficient sera were available to test 15 of the 26 seropositive samples using B. miyamotoi and B. hermsii WCL assays. Two residents in year one and seven residents in year two were seroreactive to both Borrelia antigens.

Although discernible differences in seroreactivity were evident between the B. miyamotoi and B. hermsii WCL assays, infection with one or the other could not be determined with certainty. Sera from two Borrelia burgdorferi /B. miyamotoi seropositive subjects reacted strongly against B. miyamotoi and B. hermsii WCL antigens. Ecological, epidemiological, and clinical data implicated B. miyamotoi as the probable cause of infection among those whose sera reacted against both antigens.

Our findings suggest that human B. miyamotoi infection occurs in northern California and that B. hermsii and B. burgdorferi infections produce antibodies that cross-react with B. miyamotoi antigens. Health care professionals in the far-western United States should be aware that B. miyamotoi disease may occur throughout the geographic distribution of I.pacificus and that improved relapsing fever group spirochete antibody assays are urgently needed.

 

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**Comment**

This study points out one the biggest reasons we are in this quagmire:  poor testing and cross reactivity of antigens.  Remember, testing for miyamotoi is new so folks could have been infected with this pathogen for a long time and it flew under the radar. They got tested for borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme) with a test that misses over half of all cases, and are sent home and told, “Go home and be well.”  

There very probably are other strains and pathogens we don’t have testing for yet.

It also demonstrates Tick borne illness is everywhere, despite Speilman’s maps:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/01/19/how-ticks-find-you/  (Scroll down to comment section after article)

 

 

 

Category:

Borrelia Miyamotoi (Relapsing Fever Group), Lyme, research, Testing, Ticks

The Persistent Spiral – The Ancient History of Lyme Disease and Tick-Borne Infections

borrelia_burgdorferi

Looking through history with knowledgable eyes, historian M.M. Drymon underscores how tick-borne illness has been with us since the beginning of time, and that many prominent historical figures showed signs of it in her latest book, The Persistent Spiral – The Ancient History of Lyme Disease and Tick-borne Infections.

First, she gives details of Ozti, the ancient man discovered in 1991 who represents the earliest documented case of Lyme Disease. Evidently, Ozti was carrying mushrooms with antibiotic qualities. He walked the forested area now located between Italy and Austria – one of the highest rates of modern LD in Europe. They even know he died in the Spring due to the intact pollen cells in his stomach.

Interestingly, from many standpoints, he had 57 tattoos – many in places that coincide with acupuncture points used to treat Lyme and pain relief – some 2,000 years before their documented use in China.  https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/26/otzi-iceman-new-tattoo_n_6546884.html

And while all these intimate details of a fellow sufferer are intriguing, the recent discovery of what Drymon calls the pot smoking, dispersed living, individualistic Bronze Age Cowboys, enlightens for sure. The discovery of the Yamnaya helps explain old Chinese books describing people of great height, deep-set blue or green eyes, long noses, full beards,and red or blonde hair. These nomadic horse breeding and cattle and sheep herding people contributed to many ancestries and very well may relate to how modern patients handle Lyme Disease (LD).  For more on the Yamnaya:  https://dna-explained.com/2015/06/15/yamnaya-light-skinned-brown-eyed-ancestors/

Drymon and many others believe genetics to be one reason some become so ill with tick-borne illnesses.

The Yamnaya were grassland inhabiters who eventually migrated into Northern Europe and may be the reason most of us can tolerate lactose, which was rare previously. They also might be a reason we don’t handle tick illness well. Since they lived outside tick infested areas, they most probably had immune systems inexperienced with Tick borne illness (TBI’s) and when exposed suffered with autoimmune illness.

Drymon states the Chinese had more experience treating LD due to historically inhabiting temperate forests which harbor ticks. Traditional Chinese medicine indicates this fact by having treatments for spirochetal diseases and specific herbs for Bell’s palsy, joint pain, inflammation, heart problems, fever and skin diseases, and convulsions – all of which are TBI symptoms.

Fast forward to the Crusades and the fact both King Richard I and Philippe Augustus II became ill and nearly succumbed to Trench Mouth which is caused by Bacillus fasiformis & Borrelia vincenti (a strain of borrelia, and also a spirochete). Richard apparently became ill again later with Autumnal Fever which has a relapsing nature and is proposed to be tick-borne.

Then there’s Catherine of Aragon, lover of the hunt, who after staying at a hunting lodge, survived The Sweat and was periodically ill from that point on. A physician of the time described The Sweat as a pestilence with copious sweating, stinking, redness of face and body, continual thirst, with a great headache.  Symptoms followed a pattern – sudden flu-like symptoms, apprehension, headaches, shivering, with muscle aches, and fatigue. Then came gut pain, vomiting, a hot and sweaty stage followed by headaches and delirium. There were also chest pains and difficulty breathing with great fatigue. (Sound familiar?)  If patients didn’t die, they were repeatedly afflicted. It seemed to be a summer illness found in rural families.  It also made many chronically affected for life.

There is no record of The Sweat until the landing of Henry Tudor’s soldiers in Wales after camping in forest edge environments. After that there were periodic outbreaks and two hundred and fifty years later an identical illness appeared in the exact same region. Another physician noted that black marks were sometimes on the skin.

Drymon lists the symptoms of numerous tick borne infections and how they look precisely like The Sweat. Symptoms of Borrelia miyamotoi cause high relapsing fevers, vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, heart problems, shortness of breath, and a whole slew of neurological symptoms. Babesia is known to cause drenching sweats, anxiety, fatigue, headache, muscle, chest, and hip pain, and the ever lovely shortness of breath.

Poor Catherine struggled through seven pregnancies and her confessor reported that one knee pained her. If the babies weren’t still-born, they all died young except one daughter who became Queen Mary I. After Catherine was put to death by Henry, his next wife, Anne Boleyn battled The Sweat as well, and after marrying Henry also had a series of miscarriages with the only surviving heir being a daughter who became Queen Elizabeth I.  Catherine and Anne had a lot in common, including the same husband, and while Drymon didn’t go over the probability of sexual transmission, there is evidence:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/02/24/pcos-lyme-my-story/ and https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/02/06/lyme-in-the-southern-hemisphere-sexual-transmission/

Regarding pregnancy and TBI’s, fertility problems, miscarriages, birth defects and still births, are all possibilities.  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/10/15/pregnancy-in-lyme-dr-ann-corson/  Autopsy’s have revealed borrelia in the placenta, spleen, fetal myocardium, kidneys, liver, arachnoid space of fetal mid brain, and bone marrow.  https://durayresearch.wordpress.com/about-2/seven-provocative-p2/

After Anne was put to death by Henry, and all likenesses of her were ordered to be destroyed, one of the few surviving pictures show a protruding lymph node below her jaw – another common TBI symptom.

Drymon goes through the various theories of what caused The Sweat, and logically refutes them all except for tick-borne illness. One telling quote by John Josselyn in the early seventeenth century states,

“there be infinite numbers of tikes hanging upon the bushes in summer time that will cleave to a man’s garments and creep into his breeches eating themselves in a short time into the very flesh of a man. I have seen the stockins of those that have gone through the woods covered with them.”

Evidently ticks were a problem then too.

Dr. John Caius who treated patients with The Sweat recommended regular burnings of fields and forest understory, as well as insect repellents and herbal treatments such as enula root and wormwood, herbs that are known even today to have action against borrelia and Babesia.

Drymon also discusses burnings in her other book, Disguised as the Devil,
https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2016/10/08/did-lyme-create-witches/, another fascinating read about TBI’s and the witchcraft hysteria. She draws a connection between the fact that burnings were often abandoned in times of war due to upheaval and the absence of men to do the job. This in turn allowed ticks to propagate which in turn probably meant more people got infected – particularly women of that era who wore long dresses that essentially became tick drags.

Unfortunately, this effective method of reducing the tick population is frowned upon today due to the fear of pollution. Drymon states the ramifications of burning should quantified to determine its seriousness and if accommodations could be made.

While the entire book is fascinating, and frankly a lot of fun to read, one of the most important take-aways for me is the ever present issue of reducing ticks safely, effectively, and economically.

Burning is such a simple yet brilliant method that it begs to be used.

Being a Lyme patient and advocate, I’ve read about burning before. In fact, when I asked an older Wisconsin Representative who has lived here his whole life why this practice was abandoned, he repeated precisely what Drymon said about folks being concerned about pollution. He also said burnings worked and he wished they were still being done.

When I asked well known and respected entomologists in Integrated Pest Management, they assured me that burnings weren’t successful and gave me a 1998 study conducted in Connecticut using a single controlled burn on two different days with varying burn intensities. The results state that in both burns ticks were reduced substantially (74% and 97%). What the authors felt made it unsuccessful was an abundance of ticks in the fall – meaning, they felt it was temporary.  

I detect much more excitement from those in the field when you mention releasing GMO mice, lacing pellets with pesticides for rodents to eat, and high powered acaricides.  All things that cost a lot of money and have significant blow-back to the environment and humans.  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2016/06/21/first-frankenbugs-now-frankinmice/ and https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/07/10/wolbachia-the-next-frankenstein/

I was thankful for Drymon’s usage of a 2014 burn study performed in Georgia and Florida over a two year time period that indicates regular prescribed burning is an effective tool for reducing ticks and probably reduces disease as well.
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0112174

I think we need to seriously revisit burning.

Drymon’s book reminds us that tick borne illness is as old as time and if we are going to get well it would behoove us to learn from the past.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Category:

Activism, Babesia, Herbs, Lyme, Marijuana, Ticks

$41 Million Verdict Upheld in Tick Bite Case

http://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-tick-bite-verdict-stands-20180209-story.html  by Edmund H. Mahony, Contact Reporter

Court Upholds $41 Million Verdict In Tick Bite Case

hc-1518201066-z9tit7vaqh-snap-image-2Numerous locations in the United States are home to a number of tick species, with the best known being the deer tick. (Aleksei Ruzhin/Dreamstime / TNS)

A federal appeals court has upheld a $41.7 million jury verdict for a Connecticut private school student who was severely and permanently disabled after developing encephalitis from a tick bite while on a class trip to China.

The case, which has been litigated for nine years, established that schools in Connecticut are obligated to protect children in their care, a conclusion that insurers, schools and other groups have warned could reduce educational travel opportunities for students.

The suit was brought in federal court in Bridgeport in 2009 by the parents of Cara Munn of New York, who at age 15 and at the conclusion of her freshman year at the private Hotchkiss School in Salisbury, was bitten by a tick and developed encephalitis while hiking in a remote, mountainous area of China during a school study program.

“She is gratified that the justice system worked,” her lawyer, Antonio Ponvert said Friday. “She is also happy and proud that her case might encourage custodians of minor children to be more careful.”

As a result of the insect bite, Munn suffered permanent brain damage and became seriously disabled. She has lost control over some movement, has lost problem-solving ability and is unable to speak. Her condition is expected to worsen with age.

She and her family sued the school for negligence and her jury returned the staggering verdict in 2013, ordering the school to pay her and her family $10.25 million in economic damages and $31.5 million for pain and suffering.

Lawyers for Hotchkiss argued that the school had no duty to warn Munn and her parents against contracting tick-borne encephalitis on 2007 trip because such an event could not have been foreseen.

The U.S. Court of appeals for the Second Circuit, which took the appeal, sent the case the the state Supreme Court for the resolution of two, central questions: Are Connecticut schools obligated by state policy and law to warn of the danger of contracting an insect-borne illness on field trips? And was a $41.7 million verdict excessive?

The state’s high court said last summer there is an “affirmative duty” to warn and upheld the verdict.

The case returned to the second circuit, where a panel of three judges published an unsigned summary order Tuesday dismissing the school’s remaining appellate claims and affirming the verdict.

The Hotchkiss lawyers were not immediately available Friday. If the school chooses to press its appeal further, it could ask the entire second circuit bench to hear the case or petition the U.S. Supreme Court.

For more:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/04/02/lyme-court-case-41-7-million/

 

 

 

 

Category:

Activism, Lyme, Ticks

Study Shows Mycobacterium Infected Animal Products Linked to Rheumatoid Arthritis in the Genetically Predisposed

https://today.ucf.edu/study-finds-bacteria-milk-linked-rheumatoid-arthritis/

Study Finds Bacteria in Milk Linked to Rheumatoid Arthritis

Study Finds Bacteria in Milk Linked to Rheumatoid Arthritis

A strain of bacteria commonly found in milk and beef may be a trigger for developing rheumatoid arthritis in people who are genetically at risk, according to a new study from the University of Central Florida.

A team of UCF College of Medicine researchers has discovered a link between rheumatoid arthritis and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, known as MAP, a bacteria found in about half the cows in the United States. The bacteria can be spread to humans through the consumption of infected milk, beef and produce fertilized by cow manure.

The UCF researchers are the first to report this connection between MAP and rheumatoid arthritis in a study published in the Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology journal this week. The study, funded in part by a $500,000 grant from the Florida Legislative, was a collaboration between Saleh Naser, UCF infectious disease specialist, Dr. Shazia Bég, rheumatologist at UCF’s physician practice, and Robert Sharp, a biomedical sciences doctoral candidate at the medical school.

Naser had previously discovered a connection between MAP and Crohn’s disease and is involved in the first ever phase III-FDA approved clinical trial to treat Crohn’s patients with antibiotics. Crohn’s and rheumatoid arthritis share the same genetic predispositions and both are often treated using the same types of immunosuppressive drugs.  Those similarities led the team to investigate whether MAP could also be linked to rheumatoid arthritis.

“Here you have two inflammatory diseases, one affects the intestine and the other affects the joints, and both share the same genetic defect and treated with the same drugs. Do they have a common trigger? That was the question we raised and set out to investigate,” Naser said.

For the study, Bég recruited 100 of her patients who volunteered clinical samples for testing.  Seventy-eight percent of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis were found to have a mutation in the PTPN2/22 gene, the same genetic mutation found in Crohn’s patients, and 40 percent of that number tested positive for MAP.

“We believe that individuals born with this genetic mutation and who are later exposed to MAP through consuming contaminated milk or meat from infected cattle are at a higher risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis,” Naser said.

About 1.3 million adults in the U.S. have rheumatoid arthritis – an autoimmune and inflammatory disease that causes the immune system to attack a person’s joints, muscles, bones and organs. Patients suffer from pain and deformities mostly in the hands and feet. It can occur at any age but the most common onset is between 40 and 60 years old and is three times more prevalent in women.

Although case studies have reported that some RA patients suffer from Crohn’s disease and vice versa, the researchers say a national study needs to investigate the incidence of the two diseases in the same patients.

“We don’t know the cause of rheumatoid arthritis, so we’re excited that we have found this association,” Bég said. “But there is still a long way to go.  We need to find out why MAP is more predominant in these patients – whether it’s present because they have RA, or whether it caused RA in these patients. If we find that out, then we can target treatment toward the MAP bacteria.”

The team is conducting further studies to confirm findings and plan to study patients from different geographical and ethnic backgrounds.

“Understanding the role of MAP in rheumatoid arthritis means the disease could be treated more effectively,” Naser said.  “Ultimately, we may be able to administer a combined treatment to target both inflammation and bacterial infection.”

Naser holds a Ph.D in Medical Microbiology from New Mexico State University. He joined UCF in 1995. He has been investigating Crohn’s disease and other auto-immune diseases for more than 30 years. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed articles and has presented his work at numerous conferences.  He has several patents including a licensed DNA technology for detecting MAP.

Bég, a board-certified rheumatologist, has been with UCF since 2011 after completing her fellowship in rheumatology at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. In addition to practicing medicine at UCF Health, she is a full-time faculty member at the college. Her research and clinical interests include conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, lupus and osteoporosis.

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**Comment**

Lyme/MSIDS patients need to take note of this study as RA is often undiagnosed tick-borne infections – including Mycoplasma.  The genetic issue as well as consuming infected animal products should be a concern to us all; however, being infected with TBI’s is right up there on the list.

BTW:  Garth Nicholson has been sleuthing on the role of Mycoplasma and Lyme/MSIDS for years:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/07/16/mycoplasma-and-other-intracellular-bacterial-infections-in-rheumatic-diseases-comorbid-condition-or-cause/

And previously to that, Dr. Brown way back in the 40’s and 50’s believed that RA was caused by mycoplasmas and used tetracycline rather than prednisone, the drug of choice. He eventually modified his treatment which included Minocycline and brought over 10,000 patients into remission.  (This demonstrates the importance of dealing with the infection)

I find it interesting that Minocycline was probably the drug that helped me the most:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/06/04/minocycline-for-ms-and-much-more/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2015/08/12/connecting-dots-mycoplasma/  This link also shows Nicholson’s discovery that 90% of evaluated ALS patients had Mycoplasma. 100% of ALS patients with Gulf War Syndrome had Mycoplasma and nearly all of those were specifically the weaponized M. fermentans incognitos.  One of the hallmark symptoms of Mycoplasma is fatigue.
And the bad news for us is that Nicholson’s experience has found Mycoplasma to be the number one Lyme coinfection, and similar to other coinfections in that it can be supposedly cleared for years only to reappear when conditions are right.

One other note is that immunosuppressive drugs for folks that have TBI’s are going to worsen their condition, so TBI’s must be ruled out before the administration of them, which is going to be tricky business as the tests for all of these pathogens is abysmal.  I highly recommend having patients fill out the Horowitz questionnaire along with testing and for doctors to make a clinical diagnosis not based on testing only:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/symptomlist.pdf

This study also shows the dire need for medical professionals to be properly trained regarding TBI’s or they run the risk of putting patients on immunosuppressive drugs to their demise.  So far the education in med school on Tick borne infections is antiquated and brief, considering Lyme is the #1 vector borne disease in the U.S.  No one has accurate numbers on coinfections.  If you know of doctors who are willing to be trained in this area, please send them this:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/06/20/help-doctors-get-educated-on-lyme-and-tick-borne-illness/Dr. Betty Maloney, President, Partnership for Tick-borne Diseases Education created LymeCME.info a website built specifically for the purpose of offering accredited, evidence-based continuing medical education (CME) modules on Lyme and other tick-borne diseases (TBD) for doctors and other healthcare professionals. Doctors will like the convenience of on-demand learning that’s available on PC and mobile devices. The modules I developed for LymeCME provide a concise review of the evidence, highlighting points that are especially relevant to patient care. And, they’re free!

More on Myco:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2016/02/07/mycoplasma-treatment/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/08/26/interstitial-cystitis-and-lyme-disease/  Dr. Rawls states:  “Borrelia, the microbe commonly associated with Lyme disease, could be a culprit. However, I would lay odds on mycoplasma and a closely related bacterium called ureaplasma. About 75% of chronic Lyme disease sufferers have been found to harbor at least one species of mycoplasma.

It fits. Mycoplasma and ureaplasma are the smallest of all bacteria. They are obligate intracellular microbes — which means they must live inside cells of a host to survive. They typically infect linings of the body — linings of lungs, intestines, joints, and the urinary tract.
Different species of mycoplasma and ureaplasma prefer certain areas of the body, but any species of these microbes can be found in different places the body. The most common species found in the urinary and reproductive tract are Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis. These microbes typically spread sexually, but they can be acquired by other routes. Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a frequent cause of respiratory infections, can also be found in the urinary tract.  Mycoplasma and ureaplasma are notoriously difficult to culture.”

But back to Mycobacterium…..Dr. Horowitz is finding that Mycobacterium drugs are working for his treatment resistant patients:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2016/10/09/mycobacterium-drugs-for-ld/    The case study has based on a woman with Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia hermsii, possible prior exposure to tularemia, exposure to Mycoplasma pneumonia, multiple viruses, fibromyalgia, and rheumatoid arthritis.
Under Dr. Horowitz’s care she improved from 30% to 50%, but with the addition of Dapsone had a sudden fourfold increase in tularemia titers as well as Bartonella titers turning positive.  While making continuous progress the patient had ongoing joint pain which interfered with sleep as well as ongoing severe blood-filled blisters, oral/genital ulcerations, and increased granulomas.
While a rheumatologist wanted to put her on an immunosuppressive, she and Dr. Horowitz chose to try 500mg (based on body weight) of PZA twice a day combined with rifampin and minocycline. Her liver was monitored every two weeks and was helped with alpha lipoid acid 600mg and milk thistle 250mg.  Two months later she reported up to 80% of normal functioning…

The fact that the addition of a mycobacterium drug that gave this woman 80% of normal functioning is something that needs to be noted.  It also leads to the conclusion that her prior diagnosis of RA is probably infectious in nature and improved with microbials.

Now if that isn’t a success story, I don’t know what is.  So something is going on here with Mycobacterium or a mycobacterium-like pathogen.  This needs to be hunted to ground.

 

 

Category:

Activism, Inflammation, Lyme, Mycoplasma, research, Testing, Ticks, Treatment

Lyme in the Southern Hemisphere & Sexual Transmission

http://geocities.ws/dermagicexpress/year2018/1CQA.html  By Dr. Jose’ Lapenta

ENGLISH EDITORAL:
=================
Hello friends of the network, DERMAGIC EXPRESS brings you today another interesting topic, which perhaps you had never imagined: THE LYME DISEASE SEXUAL TRANSMISSION AND ARRIVAL IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE, Disease that since its discovery and description was first attributed to the locality of LYME in Connecticut, US, and today described worldwide in NORTH HEMISPHERE, EUROPE, ASIA, (EURASIA) and the AFRICAN continent. It also raises the possibility that it is a Sexually Transmitted disease

With numerous cases on the rise each year, disease caused by the already mentioned in previous reviews THE BORRELIA BURGORFERI, A ESQPIROCHETE, which is very difficult to treat because of the resistance it offers to the treatment and because of its “ability” to “hide before the tests from laboratory.

As I said in the previous review, THE TICKS are a “BIBLE PEST”, mentioned in the book of the BIBLE, BOOK EXODUS:

“… And the dust of the earth became lice throughout the land of Egypt” … a well-knowledgeable tourist from Egypt observed that the sand seemed to move; observing more closely, he saw that the surface of the earth was a mass of tiny ticks … ”

So here comes the following observation: if it is a “BIBLE PLAGUE” such as LEPROSY AND SYPHILIS, it should be disseminated throughout the world, not just to a certain region, right?

Well, here I am going to show you that the BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, several years ago was described in several countries of South America, making this disease (LYME or ERYTHEMA MIGRANS) a global pathology; and I will mention one by one the countries where it was described with their respective observations:

The complex BORRELIA BURGDROFERI sensu lato (sl) includes agents of Lyme disease / borreliosis in NORTH AMERICA, EUROPE AND ASIA. Such as BORRELIA BURGDORFERI sensu stricto (st), Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia garinii, Borrelia bavariensis, Borrelia spielmanii, Borrelia bissettiae and Borrelia mayonii. In short: BORRELIA sensu stricto(st): LYME DISEASE in North America, South America? BORRELIA sensu lato (sl): LYME DISEASE in EUROPE AND ASIA, SOUTH AMERICA.

1.) URUGUAY:
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In the year 2013, a study was made looking for BORRELIA sensu lato (sl) ESPIROCHETES related to species of TICKS belonging to the complex IXODES RICINUS which classically inhabit the NORTHERN HEMISPHERE, in this study the BORRELIAL infection was studied in the TICK IXODES PARARICINUS, unique species that represents the IXODES RICINUS complex in URUGUAY. Were studied 137 ticks obtained from DEER, CATTLE or VEGETATION, in 2 Uruguayan departments. It was detected by means of laboratory studies, PCR, haplotype studies, infection in 9 MALES and a group of nymphs sequences for BORRELIA BISSETTII, a species very close to American borrelia. The authors considered their study the first report of infectious ticks of BORRELIA BURGDORFERI sensu lato (sl) in South America.

Prior to this study in 2005, another investigation was made where a collection of the IXODES PARARICINUS TICKS were made, in URUGUAY and ARGENTINA, which was first described by Keirans and Cliford in 1.985, of fatted females collected from CATTLE and larvae fed with MICE AND CHICKENS. A taxonomic study was made of IXODES PARARICINUS, which is geographically distributed in: URUGUAY, ARGENTINA, and COLOMBIA, but is probably established in other countries such as BOLIVIA, BRAZIL, CHILE and PERU. It has also been found in RODENTS AND WILD BIRDS. It stands out in the study that thisTICKS is part of the IXODES PARARICINUS complex, vector of BORRELIA BURGDORFERI sensu lato (sl).

Also in Uruguay IXODES PARARICINUS was collected in the birds Turdus albicollis, Turdus rufiventris Vieillot, Syndactyla rufosuperciliata, and Basileuterus leucoblepharus, these birds have their habitat in the forests of: URUGUAY, ARGENTINA CHILE, PARAGUAY, BRAZIL, BOLIVIA, AND PERU.

In the year 2104, the criterion was unified that the IXODES PARARICINUS tick was previously described in the year 1998. Under the name of IXODES ARAGOI FONSECA, a controversy remained for years, until the last studies concluded that phylogenetically the difference between the two is minimal, being then its ORIGINAL name IXODES ARAGOI, with the pseudonym IXODES PARARICINUS.

CONCLUSION: BORRELIA BURGDOERFERI sensu lato (sl) is circulating at SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE, in URUGUAY, COLOMBIA, BOLIVIA, PARAGUAY and other countries that I describe below:

2.) BRAZIL:
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The case of BRAZIL is quite interesting, in the year 1992 a disease was described in HUMANS, in two siblings WITH ALL THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LYME DISEASE, after being bitten by ticks. The researchers were Domingos Baggio, entomologist and doctor Natalino Hajime Yoshinari. The disease under study was not recognized as A CLASSIC LYME, because the ticks did not belong to the IXODES RICINUS complex and the laboratory was negative for BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, but under an electron microscope it was detected that the causative organism was from the PHYLUM “ESPIROCHETE”.

It was classified as a new emerging zoonosis in BRAZIL under the name of BAGGIO YOSHINARI SYNDROME (BYS), practically a variant of LYME disease in the American continent, caused by the sting of TICKS, with the same clinical characteristics with the exception of with autoimmunity and recurrence.

In 2013, BORRELIA BURDORGFERI was reported in the tropical Neo region in the PAMPA URUGUAYA, isolated from the TICK IXODES ARAGOI, and between 2011 and 2016, 17 suspected cases of BORRELIOSIS SYNDROME were reported in the South of Brazil, DNA positive for BORRELIA. spp in ticks of the genus IXODES spp, specifically IXODES LONGISCUTATUS, the deepest study of haplotypes approached the species to: Borrelia carolinensis, B. bissettiae and Borrelia californiensis. Becoming the first evidence of the circulation of BORRELIA BURGDORFERI sensu lato in ticks of the genus IXODES spp IN BRAZIL, in other words the causal agent of the LYME DISEASE.

In the year 2014, a study was conducted in the rural area of ​​the state of Paraná, in BRAZIL, and the presence of BORRELIA GARINII and BORRELIA BURGDORFERI sensu stricto (st) was detected through PCR studies and DNA sequencing in Brazilian individuals, suggesting circulations these species in BRAZIL.

In that same year 2014 another study was made in that same area of ​​Paraná Brazil, collecting 224 TICKS on traction horses, (75%) of the gender DERMACENTOR NITENS and 25% AMBLYOMMA CAJANENSE, in two cases (Dermacentor nitens ticks) positivity was found for BORRELIA BURGDORFERI sensu lato, but the most interesting thing is that the DNA sequence by PCR revealed a 99.99% homology with the BORRELIA BURGDORFERI Sensu sricto (st) strain B31, another one of the strains causal agent of LYME DISEASE IN USA

In January of this year 2018 a study was carried out in BRAZIL also in horses: The objective of this study was to detect and measure the frequency of anti-BORRELIA IgG antibodies. burgdorferi American strain G39 / 40 on horses in the municipality of Sinop, MT-Brazil in the state of Mato Grosso, SEEKING EVIDENCE of the presence of the BORRELIA sensu stricto (st) which is the main causative agent of LYME DISEASE in the United States , because it is believed that a SIMILAR ESPIROQUETA is the causal agent of the BAGGIO YOSHINARI SYNDROME that I mentioned at the beginning, and of 367 horses studied 214 were POSITIVE for BORRELIA sensu stricto (78%) and in at least 75 farms there was a positive horse for BORRELIA BRURGDORFERI (92.59%) of the total, a high animal prevalence.

CONCLUSION: BORRELIA BURGORGFERI sensu stricto and sensu lato are circulating in the SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE IN BRAZIL and the BAGGIO YOSHINARI SYNDROME which has been considered a variant of the classic LYME DISEASE in this continent MAYBE IT IS THE SAME LYME DISEASE or ERYTHEMA MIGRANS as such.

3.) CHILE:
========
In the year 2014, a study was made in CHILE, where BORRELIA BURGDORFERI sensu lato (sl) was reported in endemic IXODES STILESI ticks collected in Chile from environmental vegetation and long-tailed rice rats (Oligoryzomys longicaudatus). The phylogenetic analysis placed this spirochete as a new genospecies within the Lyme borreliosis group; and the appointment of this new South American member of the LYME BORRELIA CHILENSIS VA1 borreliosis group was proposed in honor of the country of origin.

In another more recent study in 2017, it was determined that this IXODES STILESI tick also infects mice, in the South of Chile, the Pudú deer (pudu Puda). Sixty-six deer were examined over a period of two years. A total of 179 ticks of two species, IXODES STILESI and IXODES TAGLEII were collected, and BORRELIA ESPIROCHETES were found in 2 (6.45%) of the ixodes stilensi ticks, being this genetically the same as the BORRELIA CHILENSIS VA1 previously described in Chile, that which can play an important role in the prevalence of BORRELIA in that country and more studies are suggested to understand a possible pathogenicity towards humans.

CONCLUSION: BORRELIA CHILENSI V1A sensu lato (sl) is circulating in CHILE, through the IXODES STILENSI tick, hosts: the mouse Oligoryzomys longicaudatus and the Pudú Puda deer. The habitat of these 2 animals also includes ARGENTINA.

Turdus rufiventrus (rufous-bellied thrush), (Syndactyla rufosuperciliata (buff-browed foliage-gleaner), Basileuterus leucoblepharus ( white-rimmed warbler) and seabird, 4 birds that are carriers of the tick IXODES PARARICINUS, and lives in the forest and sea of : URUGUAY, ARGENTINA CHILE, PARAGUAY, BRAZIL, BOLIVIA, AND PERU.

4.) ARGENTINA:
=============
In the year 2014, a study was made on IXODES PARARICINUS ticks collected from the vegetation of the Province of Jujuy in ARGENTINA, to determine infection by BORRELIA through PCR. A male and a female of I. pararicinus collected in Jujuy were positive for Borrelia infection. Phylogenetically, THE BORRELIA found in I. pararicinus of Jujuy belongs to the complex B. BURGDORFERI sensu lato (sl), and was similar to one of the genospecies detected in IXODES ARAGOI of Uruguay. In addition, this genospecies is closely related to two known genospecies of EE. UU., Borrelia americana and Borrelia sp. Genospecies 1.

In the year 2017, another study was carried out in ARGENTINA, collecting TICKS and NYMPHS from IXODES PARARICINUS, vegetation and birds, in the Provinces of Jujuy, Tucumán and Salta; In total 82 ticks and several nymphs were studied both from the vegetation of Salta and the birds Turdus rufiventris in Tucumán, Syndactyla rufosuperciliata in Jujuy and Turdus nigriceps in Tucumán. Two (2) haplotypes of BORRELIA sp. Belonging to the BORRELIA BURGDORFERI sensu lato complex. One of them is closely related to the Borrelia genoespecies haplotypes previously reported in IXODES ARAGOI of Uruguay and IXODES. PARARICINUS from the province of Jujuy in Argentina. The authors mention that these IXODES species do not represent pathogenicity for humans. However, others say that further studies are needed to verify this claim.

More recently this year 2018 was conducted another study to investigate the presence of TICKS THAT INFECT cattle in the province of Yungaos in ARGENTINA with BORRELIA, ERLICHIOSIS and RICKETTSIA, the study showed once again that ticks of the genus IXODES PARARICINUS positive were found for BORRELIA BURGODRFERI sensu lato (sl), as I said previously phylogenetically related to IXODES ARAGOI of URUGUAY.

CONCLUSION: BORRELIA BURGDORFERI sensu lato (sl) CIRCULATE in ARGENTINA through THE TICK IXODES PARARICINUS, phylogenetically related to IXODES ARAGOI of URUGUAY.

5.) COLOMBIA:
============
In 1999, the presence of specific IgG antibodies for BORRELIA BURGDORFERI in patients with clinical manifestations of LYME DISEASE was evaluated in COLOMBIA. Were analyzed 20 samples of symptomatic patients, 1 sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a patient with chronic and arthritic neurological manifestations and 12 samples of patients with suspicion of Lyme BORRELIOSIS, being positive in 4 samples of symptomatic patients, 2 with morphea they were positive as well as the patient with neurological manifestations. The work proposes to analyze with “caution” this disease “type lyme” and suggest that a genoespecies BORRELIA different from the sensu stricto (st) is the causal agent, In other words BORRELIA sensu lato (sl) another LYME DISEASE CAUSAL AGENT.

CONCLUSION: BORRELIA BURGDORFERI sensu lato (sl) is probably the causal agent of LYME “type” DISEASE in COLOMBIA.

6.) PERU:
=======
In the year 1999, a study was made in the Andean areas of Peru in search of bacterial infections associated with lice, prevalence of EPIDEMIC OF TIFFUS, TRENCH FEVER AND RECURRENT FEVER. Were included 194 volunteer inhabitants of the province of Calca in the Urbamba valley. Thirty-nine (20%) of the 194 volunteers had antibodies against Rickettsia prowazekii, while 24 (12%) had antibodies against Bartonella quintana and 2 against BORRELIA recurrentis.

CONCLUSION: There are no studies that confirm the PRESENCE OF BORRELIA BURGDORFERI in Peru, but the PRESENCE OF BORRELIA RECURRENTIS causal agent of the RECURRENT FEVER, was found, whose causal agent is also a BORRELIA, ESPIROCHETE, and transmitted by the bite of lice; but remember that there are 4 species of birds that carry the TICK IXODES PARARICINUS (Borrelia sensu lato sl) that circulate in the forests of PERU.

7.) VENEZUELA:
=============
And the plague came to VENEZUELA also, between the year 1992 and 1993, 74 patients were studied in Zulia State: 37 asymptomatic and 37 clinically suspects of LYME DISEASE, ELISA tests were performed and positive cases were found for BORRELIA BURGDORFERI sp: 14 of 74 (18.9%). Positive cases in the symptomatic group (29.7%) were higher than in the asymptomatic group (8.9%). The most frequent clinical diagnosis was Morphea (54.5%). The main serological diagnosis (54.32%) was obtained from chronic patients (more than one year of evolution). 45.5% of the symptomatic patients presented antibodies, despite receiving antibiotic treatment. Most of the cases had a previous visit or stay in forest or rural areas.

The authors affirm the presence of BORRELIA BURGDOFERI and LYME DISEASE in patients from the State of Zulia VENEZUELA and propose more precise studies such as the immunoblot. The relationship between MORPHEA and infection with BORRELIA is well known in the international DERMATOLOGICAL community.

CONCLUSION: BORRELIA BURGDORFERI sp and LYME DISEASE circulate in VENEZUELA also, I also found evidence in MEXICO AND ISLANDS AZORES.

SEXUAL TRANSMISSION OF LYME DISEASE:
====================================
And what do you think if I tell you that there are VARIOUS studies confirming a “probable transmission of LYME DISEASE through sexual intercourse”, vaginal and seminal fluid, I must remind you that BORRELIA is a SPIROCHETE same as SYPHILIS, and the latter is transmitted by seminal and vaginal fluid; why the BORRELIA NOT?

The first study dates from the year 2001, that is 17 years ago, which was presented at an international conference on LYME disease, in which 40% of positivity was demonstrated by PCR in semen samples (14 of 32 patients). and 1 case of vaginal fluid.

“… ALL positive semen / vaginal samples in patients with known sexual partners resulted in positive Lyme / PCR titers in their sexual partners, 3/4 patients with positive semen had unknown or unknown sexual partners to be evaluated. .. “

Another study dates from the year 2014, January 25, the researchers tested samples of semen and vaginal secretions from three groups of patients: control subjects without evidence of Lyme disease, random subjects who tested positive for Lyme disease and married heterosexual couples who had sex unprotected and tested positive for the disease.

As expected, all control subjects were negative for BORRELIA BURGDORFERI in semen samples or vaginal secretions. In contrast, all women with Lyme disease tested positive for BORRELIA BURGDORFERI in vaginal secretions, while approximately half of men with Lyme disease tested positive for Lyme spirochete in semen samples. In addition, one of the heterosexual couples with Lyme disease showed IDENTICAL STRAINS of the Lyme spirochete in their genital secretions.

“There is always some risk of getting Lyme disease from a bite in the forest,” he said. “But there may be an increased risk of getting Lyme disease in the bedroom.”

The other study dates from the year 2015 To investigate this possibility, Middelveen et al. performed the first culture study of BORRELIA in human semen and vaginal secretions.

¨ … Patients with documented LYME DISEASE, including heterosexual couples who have unprotected sex, studied genital cultures in three independent laboratories. Sperm cultures and vaginal secretions were subjected to light and dark field microscopy and were found to contain LIVING MOBILE SPIROCHETES that exhibited a characteristic wave motion and stained positively with silver Dieterlee immunostaining for B. burgdorferi.

In addition, the PCR test and molecular hybridization with highly specific DNA probes showed that living genital spirochetes were strains of BORRELIA and not treponemes. Of particular interest, it was found that a couple had BORRELIA HERMSII and not BORRELIA BURGDORFERI in their genital secretions, further implicating sexual transmission in these cases. Control subjects who tested negative for Lyme disease had no evidence of Borrelia spirochetes in their secretions … “

More studies are probably needed to confirm what these researchers have already claimed: LYME DISEASE can be transmitted sexually. We hope that the science advances without OBSTACLES towards the definitive clarification of this aspect. But the studies I show you show that it is an indisputable reality.

Would this fact help explain why this plague has spread throughout the world? sex between couples with LYME? draw your conclusions.

FINAL CONCLUSION:
=================
1.) THE LYME DISEASE no longer belongs exclusively to the NORTHERN HEMISPHERE, here are the proof that are present in the SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. Over there I read a comment that DENGUE, ZIKA, EBOLA AND CHIKUNGUNYA WERE NOT THE NEW PEST, the new pest or plague are THE TICKS, I said this for the first time last year and I still affirm it.

2.) I invite the medical authorities of ALL the countries of the HEMISPHERE SUR, to acquire the most specific tests to diagnose the LYME DISEASE. Because it could be that you or a family member or child, has a diagnosis of JUVENILE ARTHRITIS, PAIN ON A KNEE, OR NEUROLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS, MORPHEA, OTHERS and you may have thousands of ESPIROCHETES, BORRELIOSIS in your blood that is killing you without realizing it.

3.) And I can bet you that many doctors worldwide DO NOT EVEN KNOW what I’m talking about, because they were sold the idea that LYME’S DISEASE is only from Connecticut USA, and not a health problem that extended to all the globe; as I once said: THE NEW LEPROSY OF THE 21ST CENTURY.

4.) If it were a reality, the sexual transmission of LYME DISEASE would change the whole panorama with respect to it and maybe the “LYME WAR” that exists between ILADS International Society of Lyme Diseases and IDSA, Society of Infectious Diseases of America ARRIVES AT ITS END because the disease would be seen in another context, beyond the simple sting of a TICK in a forest, you can also acquire it in a bedroom having sex, patients would have greater access to treatment and all policies would change, that simple, end of story.

“… And God said to Moses: tell Pharaoh and his entourage, that I AM the only creator and giver of life, I will send you 10 plagues to understand … Pharaoh ignored … The plagues came , among them TICKS …. and finished with all those who did not believe him … everyone who has ulcers and their contaminated fluids will be unclean … until he heals ….. ”

BOOK OF EXODUS and GENESIS.

They were included here in addition to SYPHILIS, GONORRHEA AND LEPROSY LYME’S DISEASE?

Greetings to all

Dr. José Lapenta.

=========================================================
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Activism, Lyme, research, Ticks, Transmission