Archive for the ‘research’ Category

Potential Medical Adhesive – Tick Saliva

https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/01/animals-ticks-saliva-health-disease/

Bloodsucking Ticks Make Cement to Attach to Your Skin

By Joshua Rapp Learn
PUBLISHED JANUARY 19, 2018

The disease-carrying parasites’ natural glue could also hold a key to healing us.

01-tick-BMYJ9K.adapt.590.1

Picture of a deer tick

Native to the United States, the deer tick (pictured) is a vector for several diseases that afflict humans, including Lyme.
PHOTOGRAPH BY JUNIORS BILDARCHIV, ALAMY

Bloodsucking parasites that can carry deadly diseases create their own cement to glue themselves to our bodies, a new study says.

Hard ticks—a family of 700 species that includes the Lyme-spreading deer tick—use pincer-like appendages and mouths to attach to a host’s skin. But sometimes this grip isn’t strong enough for the arachnid to hold on and feed while the host moves.

Sylvia Nürnberger and colleagues discovered hard ticks have an extra tool to glom onto their hosts’ skin—a kind of glue made of proteins in their saliva. See a map that shows Americans’ risk of catching Lyme:  http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2015/07/20/map-lyme/?  (See my comment below article on accuracy of this map)

“Not all species have it and not all species have it in the same amount,” says Nürnberger, a researcher at the Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery at the Medical University of Vienna.

The cement discovery could actually benefit humans, she adds, as its properties could be repurposed into a medical adhesive.

NOTHING TO SPIT AT
For the study, the scientists reviewed all existing scientific research on tick saliva, which gave them an expansive view of this previously underreported cement substance.

Tick saliva is complex, containing properties that suppress the immune system of the tick’s host to keep them unaware of the intrusion by also suppressing pain and itchiness, according to the study, published in November 2017 in Biological Reviews:  http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.12384/full

“In a way, they play with the immune systems of the host,” Nürnberger says.

The new study is “a remarkably detailed review of quite an obscure thing,” notes Tony Goldberg, a professor of epidemiology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison’s School of Veterinary Medicine.

All blood-sucking organisms, not only ticks but leeches and mosquitoes, must “run a gauntlet of defenses by the animal it’s feeding on,” he notes.

He should know: Goldberg once discovered a new species of tick stuck in his nose after visiting Uganda several years ago.  https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2013/10/08/how-a-mysterious-tick-ended-up-in-a-scientists-nose/

“I can tell you that thing had some powerful glue,” he says.

TICK PARADOX
Properties in tick spit also lower the host’s defenses against pathogens like Lyme disease, he adds.

“It’s a paradox. One of the functions of this [cement] is that it’s antimicrobial, so the ticks don’t [cause] an infection which would keep them from feeding,” Goldberg says.

“Yet there are an awful lot of horrible tickborne diseases that have latched onto this system and are transmitted to us in the saliva.”

Ticks’ technique for removing themselves from skin is less clear, but Nürnberger says the arachnids may detach themselves by moving their mouthparts around and retracting their pincers. They may also use their saliva to dissolve the cement.

WHAT HURTS US COULD MAKE US STRONGER
As fascinating as tick spit is, Nürnberger and colleagues weren’t just studying it for fun.

They are conducting ongoing studies on how to recreate properties from the cement that could be made into medical adhesives or sealants. These substances could help heal human injuries and broken bones, as well as glue implants to the body.

Scientists have already developed biological adhesives inspired by barnacles, mussels, and sea urchins, but she says tick cement may be more promising.

“The animal already uses this substance to glue to human tissue,” she says. “So we think it could be very compatible and very good in terms of bonding strength.”

_____________

**Comment**

When is there going to be practical and helpful research done to help the plight of Lyme/MSIDS patients?

Recently I commented on another tick article about research ideas:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/01/19/how-ticks-find-you/

Which TBI’s are sexually transmitted? https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/02/24/pcos-lyme-my-story/
Do other insects transmit Lyme? Are there other modes of transmission? (The studies are over 30 years old)
https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2016/02/13/lyme-disease-treatment/
What other vectors transmit the co-infections that typically come with Lyme?
https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/04/18/bartonella-vectors/
https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2016/11/06/probable-transfusion-transmission-of-babesiosis/
When are the “powers that be” going to admit that the interplay of Lyme and various coinfections require far more than 21 days of doxycycline?
https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/07/01/one-tick-bite-could-put-you-at-risk-for-at-least-6-different-diseases/
When are the “powers that be” going to admit that this complex illness is serious and requires serious treatment (The issue of persistence needs to be serious addressed)  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/12/14/live-bb-found-after-months-of-doxy/
https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/11/03/lyme-bug-stronger-than-antibiotics-in-animals-and-test-tubes-now-study-people/
https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2015/09/19/proof-of-borrelia-persistence/

The CDC has awarded 10 million to midwestern universities – including the UW Madison.  Please take the time to call these universities and make it clear you want a preponderance of this money going into research that will DIRECTLY help Lyme/MSIDS patients – which means putting Zika way down the list of priorities since it isn’t even on the radar here!  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/01/27/uwm-center-of-excellence-vector-borne-diseases/

As for the infamous geographical maps telling where Lyme is and where Lyme isn’t:  http://steveclarknd.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/The-Confounding-Debate-Over-Lyme-Disease-in-the-South-DiscoverMagazine.com_.pdf   Scroll to page 6 to learn how Andrew Spielman’s tick maps have ruled Lyme Land like the iron curtain, and frankly still do, dictating where Lyme is and is not. https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/08/24/canine-maps-better-than-the-cdcs-in-predicting-lyme-disease/

Lyme/MSIDS is everywhere and don’t let anyone tell you otherwise!

Will somebody do meaningful research to help patients?

 

 

 

Category:

Activism, research, Ticks

How Ticks Find You

https://entomologytoday.org/2018/01/16/up-close-look-tiny-sensory-pits-ticks-use-smell/  by Meredith Swett Walker

An Up-Close Look at the Tiny Sensory Pits That Ticks Use to Smell

Ixodes scapularis Haller's organ

A new study in the Journal of Medical Entomology analyzes the the Haller’s organs of three tick species, including that of Ixodes scapularis, shown above. The Haller’s organ is a sensory pit on the foreleg used to detect heat and chemical odors emitted by potential hosts. “Landmarks” used in analysis of the organs are numbered. (Image originally published in Josek et al, 2017, Journal of Medical Entomology)

If you ever find a tick before it finds you—that is when it’s still hanging out on vegetation hoping you’ll brush past it—you may notice the little bloodsucker waving its “arms in the air like it just don’t care.” But ticks aren’t fans of 1980’s hip hop. They’re waving their arms because they are trying to get a whiff of you. 

While insects primarily smell with their antennae, ticks are not insects; rather, they’re arachnids, and they don’t have antennae. Instead, a tick smells using a structure on its forelegs called the Haller’s organ. The Haller’s organ is described as a tiny “sensory pit” that can detect chemicals like carbon dioxide, ammonia, or pheromones. It can even sense humidity and infrared light, which includes body heat emitted by the warm, blood-filled creatures that the tick wants to find.

Questing-Dermacentor-varabilisWhen seeking a host, ticks such as the American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) wave their forelegs, in a behavior called “questing.” The ticks’ forelegs feature tiny sensory pits called Haller’s organs used to detect a passing host. (Photo credit: Tanya Josek)

Despite the importance of the Haller’s organ in tick’s ability to find hosts, it hasn’t been described in detail for many important tick species. But in research published in December in the Journal of Medical Entomology, Tanya Josek, Brian Allan, Ph.D., and Marianne Alleyne, Ph.D., of the University of Illinois examine the Haller’s organ in three medically important species of tick: the blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis), the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum), and the American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis).

Each of these species is an important disease vector: I. scapularis transmits the bacterium that causes Lyme disease, A. americanumtransmits the bacteria that cause ehrlichiosis, and D. variabilis transmits the bacterium that causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever. A better understanding of how these ticks find their hosts may aid in reducing disease transmission.

Josek-tick-collecting

Tanya Josek, a graduate researcher at the University of Illinois, suits up in Tyvek and duct tape during tick collection. Ticks are gathered by dragging a white cloth through vegetation and then collecting ticks that attach to the cloth. (Photo credit: Tanya Josek)

Josek, a graduate student in Alleyne’s lab, was interested in arthropod sensory structures. The Haller’s organ seemed a great research topic: Relatively little was known about it, and the potential findings could have important applications in real-world tick-control efforts. The only problem? Josek had a phobia of ticks stemming from some bad experiences in childhood. “This was a complete shock to me because I have loved spiders and insects my whole life,” she says.

But Josek conquered her fear with knowledge, reading up on where you’re most likely to pick up the parasites and how long it takes them to transmit disease. She trained with Allan to learn tick collection skills. Then, arming herself with a white Tyvek suit and ample duct tape, she set out into the forests and fields of Illinois in search of ticks.

Previous studies of the Haller’s organ were mostly qualitative, which, while informative, are not useful to making quantitative comparisons between species. In addition, recent advances in scanning electron microscope technology provided an opportunity to look more closely at the tiny structure. Josek and her collaborators used environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) to get high resolution images of Haller’s organs.

tick-sample-for-environmental-scanning-electron-microscopyWhat might look like the latest in tick inspired jewelry design is rather a set of tick samples prepared for environmental scanning electron microscopy. In this case, ticks were mounted with forelegs turned so their Haller’s organ faced upwards, and they were then coated with gold and platinum. According to entomologist Marianne Alleyne, Ph.D., “the gold/platinum mixture is an especially good electrical conductor” and helps keep the sample from being “fried” by the electron beam.  (Photo credit: Tanya Josek)

The team focused on the overall shape of the Haller’s organ in each tick species as well as the organ’s major components: the capsule aperture, anterior pit, and the number of setae and sensilla (hair-like structures) in the pit. They analyzed their images using Geometric Morphometrics Analysis, a technique that essentially translates shape measurements into data that can be used in quantitative comparisons.

They found that the structure of the Haller’s organ was significantly different in each species of tick. In one species, D. variabilis, the morphology of the Haller’s organ was significantly different between females and males. This study did not test the consequences of these differences in shape, but the detailed quantitative measurements it provides can serve as a basis for future studies in differences in function of the Haller’s organs between species.

Ixodes-scapularis-Hallers-organ Amblyomma-americanum-Hallers-organ Dermacentor-variabilis-Hallers-organEnvironmental scanning electron microscopy reveals detailed close-ups of the Haller’s organs of three tick species: Ixodes scapularis (Is), Amblyomma americanum (Aa), and Dermacentor variabilis (Dv). The Haller’s organ is a sensory pit on the foreleg used to detect heat and chemical odors emitted by potential hosts. “Landmarks” used in analysis of the organs are numbered. (Image originally published in Josek et al, 2017, Journal of Medical Entomology) “

I. scapularis, A. americanum, and D. variabilis have different preferred hosts and different strategies for finding them. The differences in the structure of their Haller’s organs may reflect this. In order to understand how Haller’s organ morphology relates to tick life histories, “within-genus comparisons, as well as comparisons between ticks with different host-seeking behaviors or between ticks that have a generalist or specialist host-range,” are necessary, say the authors.

Meanwhile, Josek is working on determining the specific chemicals, infrared wavelengths, or humidity variables the Haller’s organ is sensing. Josek and Alleyne are also looking at the organ from a genomics perspective and will soon publish a paper that examines the chemoreceptors and binding proteins expressed in the Haller’s organ.

Alleyne’s main research interest is bioinspired design, and, while she’s not a huge fan of ticks, she finds inspiration in the Haller’s organ. “To think that arthropods have an exoskeleton that protects them from the environment … and yet are able to sense minute amounts of chemicals is amazing to me. The Haller’s organ is an example of a multi-functional sensor that is very sensitive yet rather simple in design, compared to a vertebrate’s nose, for instance,” she says.

If we can better understand the structure ticks use to find us (and their other hosts,) we might devise ways to elude them. This could reduce transmission of serious diseases, as well as make ticks less of a creepy problem for people who work or play outdoors. Josek has overcome her tick phobia and is now comfortable collecting and handling them, but “I still have the occasional nightmare about them,” she admits.

Meredith Swett Walker is a former avian endocrinologist who now studies the development and behavior of two juvenile humans in the high desert of western Colorado. When she is not handling her research subjects, she writes about science and nature. You can read her work on her blogs Pica Hudsonia and The Citizen Biologist or follow her on Twitter at @mswettwalker.

_______________

**Comment**

Well, I can certainly understand Josek’s phobia.  It would be interesting to know where she got her information on tick location and transmission time as those issues are hot-beds of controversy.

For more accurate info:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/04/14/transmission-time-for-lymemsids-infection/  In under 6 hours after a tick bite a little girl couldn’t walk. Powassan can be transmitted in mere minutes.

http://steveclarknd.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/The-Confounding-Debate-Over-Lyme-Disease-in-the-South-DiscoverMagazine.com_.pdf (go to page 6 and read about Speilman’s maps which are faulty but have ruled like the Iron Curtain, and have been used to keep folks from being diagnosed and treated)

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/10/06/remembering-dr-masters-the-rebel-for-lyme-patients-who-took-on-the-cdc-single-handedly/  Dr. Masters argued with the “powers that be” that Lyme or a Lyme-like illness was in the South for decades to no avail. 

Do other insects transmit Lyme?  Are there other modes of transmission?
What other vectors transmit the co-infections that typically come with Lyme?
When are the “powers that be” going to admit that the interplay of Lyme and various coinfections require far more than 21 days of doxycycline?
When are the “powers that be” going to admit that this complex illness is serious and requires serious treatment?  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/12/14/live-bb-found-after-months-of-doxy/
Does the antihistamine Loratadine actually work?  https://www.dovepress.com/borreliacidal-activity-of-borrelia-metal-transporter-a-bmta-binding-sm-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-DDDT  According to the Bay Area Lyme Foundation, clinical trials are expensive so there hasn’t been one to date – there is only anecdotal evidence.  How about the working group allocate some money to that?
Does ELQ cure Babesia or not? (would more money speed up research?)
We all want Stevia to work but specifics are taking forever – is it a money issue?  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/08/11/stevia-clinical-trial-underway/
And what about Alzheimer’s and Lyme?  Researchers like Alan McDonald are in their basements using their own microscopes!  
Once again, proving a science cabal exists, Moir recounts how at a Korean conference, attendees were asked to raised hands if they thought infections played a part in AD and a majority of hands went up.
“Ten years ago, it would have been four guys in a corner, all huddled together, not talking to anyone else,” Moir says. 
https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2016/08/09/dr-paul-duray-research-fellowship-foundation-some-great-research-being-done-on-lyme-disease/  Microbiologist Tom Greer states:  “Virtually no funding in any country has been put into Borrelia pathology.” He also states, “There are more than a dozen species of Borrelia that cause Lyme disease, many of which can penetrate any tissue, and add a couple Relapsing Fevers that tag along for the ride, and it becomes clear that the Lyme disease blood tests based on Borrelia burgdorferi detection that have been used for 30+ years have become pretty much useless.”

 

I could go on an on to infinity, but the point is that this emphasis on ticks shouldn’t be the end-all as so many other factors are involved.  Please understand, I’m thankful for all research but don’t stop with ticks!  Researchers need to pretty much scrap everything they thought they knew about Lyme/MSIDS and start over with an open mind.  

Until then we are living in a fantasy.

 

 

 

 

Category:

Lyme, research, Ticks

Developing New Tests to Identify ALL Bacteria in Ticks – Drexel University

https://www.lymedisease.org/drexel-new-tick-testing/

LYME SCI: Developing new tests to identify ALL bacteria in ticks

by Lonnie Marcum

Researchers at Philadelphia’s Drexel University College of Medicine have joined the fight against tick-borne diseases and are asking citizens throughout the US to send them ticks.

Drexel’s Center for Advanced Microbial Processing (CAMP) has developed a state-of-the-art facility using comprehensive high-resolution testing able to detect all bacteria inside of ticks—not just Lyme disease and its better-known co-infections.

The goal of CAMP is to identify emerging pathogens and use that information to find targeted therapies to cure infection and illness.

Garth Ehrlich, PhD, holds professorships in two departments at Drexel—Microbiology & Immunology, and Otolaryngology. He’s also Executive Director of CAMP. He first thought of testing ticks while working on a different project a couple years ago.

Dr. Ehrlich knew about Lyme disease at the time, and started thinking his “Pan Domain Test” might be useful to identify the many different bacteria that are carried by ticks. After looking further, he realized most tick testing done in the past was limited to just a few common pathogens.

The Pan Domain test is unique. It uses “next-generation sequencing” to look for specific genetic markers and is able to detect every bacterium known to science—in just one test. This is different from PCR or ELISA testing, which require a separate test for each suspected pathogen.

In the end, Dr. Ehrlich hopes to have a comprehensive picture of exactly what diseases are carried by ticks in the U.S. Along the same lines, a recent study in France found that 45% of ticks carried five different pathogens. See:  https://www.lymedisease.org/lyme-sci-coinfections/

Current tick testing at CAMP is only set up to detect bacteria. The second phase of the study will look for parasites and fungi found in the same ticks. At this time, the researchers want as many ticks as they can get from diverse parts of the country. This information will give a clearer picture of which tick-borne diseases are the biggest risks in different regions.

Dr. Ehrlich’s goal is to bring the test to the public for human testing. He says that if all goes as planned, the bacterial assay could be available in 2018, with the parasite/fungi test about three to six months behind that. He estimates that his Pan Domain testing will cost significantly less than traditional testing for each pathogen. Not only is it cheaper, but the Pan Domain test can detect emerging bacteria, for which there currently are no standard tests.

I talked to Dr. Jaroslaw (Jarek) Krol when I was at ILADS in November. Jarek is the lab manager for CAMP and is deeply involved in the development of the genetic sequencing and analysis of the tick-testing project. He told me that preliminary tick testing has detected up to 60 different bacteria in northeastern ticks. Since co-infections compound illness and complicate treatment, the ability to rapidly detect many infections at once would be invaluable.

Dr. Krol says ticks can be sent in dead or alive. However, if you are going to send in more than one tick, please bag them separately. Ticks can share germs, he says, which can skew test results.

Click here to download the instructions and form for sending your ticks to CAMP:  http://drexel.edu/medicine/about/departments/institute-for-molecular-medicine-infectious-disease/Research-Centers-of-Excellence/center-for-advanced-microbial-processing/microbiome-testing-on-ticks/

Important note: CAMP testing is for research only. You will not be sent results of the testing. If you have been bitten by a tick and want to know what pathogens you were exposed to, you can send it to the University of Massachusetts’ TickReport. You should receive results within three business days.  https://www.tickreport.com

LymeSci is written by Lonnie Marcum, a Licensed Physical Therapist and mother of a daughter with Lyme. Follow her on Twitter: @LonnieRhea Email her at: lmarcum@lymedisease.org.

 

Category:

research, Testing, Ticks

Lyme Disease Laid Bare

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-017-08442-8 Dec. 2017

Lyme disease laid bare

James G. Logan hails a study of the controversial tick-borne condition.
Blood filled sheep tick, SEM.

Ixodes ticks spread Lyme disease.Credit: Eye of Science/SPL.

Conquering Lyme Disease: Science Bridges the Great Divide Brian A. Fallon & Jennifer Sotsky Columbia University Press: 2017.

It occurs in more than 80 countries and is the most commonly reported vector-borne disease in the Northern Hemisphere. In the United States alone, it spawns 300,000 new cases each year. Yet Lyme disease — caused by species of Borrelia bacteria carried by ticks of the Ixodesgenus — remains one of the most poorly understood infections. It has divided researchers, clinicians and patients, and triggered intense public suspicion and confusion.

So what is science’s role in turning the corner on what some have labelled a “public health failure”? Physicians Brian Fallon and Jennifer Sotsky tackle this question in their insightful study Conquering Lyme Disease, in which they journey beyond the history, biology and symptoms of the illness. Their greatest accomplishment, by far, is delivering multiple viewpoints with minimal bias and great sensitivity: the clinician’s, the researcher’s and, particularly, the patient’s.

Although recent headlines make Lyme disease seem new, probably the first recorded case was in 1909: the Swedish dermatologist Arvid Afzelius associated a patient’s expanding rash (later named erythema migrans) with a tick bite. In the 1970s, a link was made to bacteria by rheumatologist Allen Steere; in 1981, the biologist Willy Burgdorfer discovered that the disease was caused by a type of bacterium called a spirochaete. The species complex was named Borrelia burgdorferi in his honour. But it was not until the 1990s that US cases were properly reported, through a surveillance system set up by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia.

Since that decade, the global incidence has increased and reporting has improved, as Fallon and Sotsky describe; in the United States alone, known cases have tripled since 1992. There is currently no human vaccine, and research on the disease has struggled to keep up.

The many presentations of an illness known as the “great imitator”, and its inherent complexities, are why medical communities have often failed to find common ground on diagnosis and treatment, as the authors explore. The manifestations range from no symptoms, or mild influenza-like ones, to severe complications such as inflammation in joints or the brain and persistent neurological problems.

One of the reasons Lyme is difficult to diagnose is that some non-infectious conditions, including fibromyalgia and Alzheimer’s disease, present with similar symptoms. The situation is further complicated because Ixodes ticks transmit a host of other pathogens, such as Rickettsia, other bacteria, viruses and protozoa, leading to diseases including typhus, relapsing fever, babesiosis and meningoencephalitis. Misdiagnosis is thus all too common.

Treatment is also far from straightforward. Although antibiotics can clear infection in some cases, Fallon and Sotsky describe how genetic differences in Borrelia bacteria found on different continents make treatment difficult. There are, for instance, three different species in the complex in Europe. The authors note that each can cause different symptoms in people with Lyme disease who develop neurological complications. So a treatment that works for one species of the bacterium may not work for another.

And spirochaetes can remain in the body even after courses of antibiotics (E. Hodzic et al. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52, 1728–1736; 2008). Fallon and Sotsky hypothesize that they may “hide” inside human cells, for instance. A big question is whether the spirochaetes that hang on in this way can replicate and cause disease.

Whatever the mechanism, proof of the existence of persistent symptoms will pave the way for better diagnostics, treatment and care. Some patients have spent years trying to convince medical doctors that their symptoms remain after treatment. Fallon and Sotsky strikingly convey these people’s difficulties and frustrations. Clinicians, for instance, might fail to ask the right questions. People with chronic Lyme disease can feel abandoned, and even suicidal. That has led to protests and court hearings, notably in the United States. But these people, the authors argue, have played a significant part in moving understanding beyond conventional thinking, and ultimately driving research forward. Clinicians are now beginning to acknowledge both the complexity of Lyme disease and patients’ needs. Fallon and Sotsky end on a firmly positive note, reviewing avenues for new research across many disciplines, from diagnostics to vaccines and treatments. What’s particularly pressing is the need for a definitive test to detect the spirochaetes that cause this devastating disease.

 ______________

Category:

Activism, Lyme, research, Ticks, Treatment

Acute Onset Confusion in Elderly Man – Had Bb

Neuroborreliosis and acute encephalopathy: The use of CXCL13 as a biomarker in CNS manifestations of Lyme borreliosis

Karrasch M, Fingerle V, Boden K, Darr A, Baier M, Straube E, Nenadic I.
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, online first, 2017 Dec 11.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.12.008https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.12.008

Abstract

We report the case of an 80-year-old patient with acute onset confusion initially suspected to reflect delirium in incipient Alzheimer’s disease.

Cerebrospinal fluid tests revealed an unusually severe form of neuroborreliosis, which resolved following antibiotic treatment. This was mirrored in the measurement of CXCL13, which is suggested as a complementary biomarker.

Clinical implications for screening, differential diagnosis and treatment are discussed.

______________

For more:

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/06/10/the-coming-pandemic-of-lyme-dementia/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/01/18/a-bug-for-alzheimers/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2016/06/09/alzheimers-byproduct-of-infection/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2016/11/17/antibiotics-and-alzheimers/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2016/06/03/borrelia-hiding-in-worms-causing-chronic-brain-diseases/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/10/03/treat-the-infection-psychiatric-symptoms-get-better/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/11/01/lyme-mental-illness-dr-jane-marke/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/06/04/minocycline-for-ms-and-much-more/

 

Category:

Alzheimer's, Lyme, Psychological Aspects, research