Archive for the ‘Babesia’ Category

Not All Headaches Are Alike: What’s Causing Your’s?

https://globallymealliance.org/lyme-disease-symptoms-headaches/

Headaches are a common symptom of tick-borne illness. Now that I’m in remission, I rarely get headaches. When I do, I’ve become adept at recognizing why I have them. Knowing the nuances of my headaches helps me determine whether my pain is Lymeor babesia related—or from something else entirely—and how to treat it. In short, I now know my own head as well as I know my own body.

I trained myself to recognize gradations and causes of headaches in part as a defense against people who thought they knew my head and body better than I did. In my worst days of battling tick-borne diseases, when I would complain to an acquaintance of a smashing migraine, they might say “It could be the weather.”

I wanted to scream. A headache that severe does not result from a shift in barometric pressure. Sometimes on muggy days with impending rain, I felt fine. My head was clear. I had no brain fog or pain. Other days, it would be beautiful and sunny outside, and I felt my head might explode. Healthy people were outside playing, encouraging me to enjoy the weather—“it’ll be good for you!”—when all I really needed was to take some migraine medication and sleep.

My headaches were caused by tick-borne illnesses, not by the weather. They also weren’t stress-related (though stress could aggravate them), or caffeine withdrawal. If you are bedridden with Lyme, wishing you could just take your head off and put it on the nightstand because it hurts so much, I am here to remind you that your pain is likely caused by a bug in your brain, not by any of these more typical causes.

It’s important to talk to your Lyme Literate Medical Doctor (LLMD) and perhaps get a scan of your brain to make sure nothing else—outside of the scope of tick-borne illness—is going on. It also helps to recognize different headache symptoms, so you can be as specific as possible when talking with your doctor. In my case, headaches related to Lyme took over my whole skull with a throbbing pressure, sometimes making me feel like my brain was getting too big for my skull. Pain caused by babesia was different; that tended to be a migraine, focused on the left side of my head. It was more searing, like someone sawing into the left side of my skull. Babesia headaches caused nausea and light sensitivity, while Lyme headaches caused a more generalized, tolerable pain.

Your own headache symptoms might be different. You might be suffering from co-infections I did not have, and suffer relapsing fevers that can cause their own species of headaches. Do you tend to get migraines for a few days in a row? Are your headaches local or generalized? Do they come on during Herxheimer reactions, or when you are pulsing antibiotics? If you’re female, are your headaches specific to a certain time of the month? Figuring out these nuances can help your LLMD treat you. I recommend keeping a written log, and marking any external factors (like stress or certain foods) that you think might be worsening your symptoms.

These days when I do get a migraine, it’s usually because I’ve pushed myself way too hard neurologically or physically. If they persist, I know my babesia is flaring. But the headaches I usually get now are the “normal” headaches healthy people thought I was suffering from years ago.

I’ve learned to differentiate between these headaches, too. Weather-related headaches mean slight pressure at the base of my skull, across both sides of my head. These I can’t do anything about until the storm passes, but the pain is minimal. Stress-related headaches cause inflammation only on the left side of the base of my skull, creating a knot that I can actually feel with my hand. It helps to rub the knot or get cranial-sacral therapy and sleep. Hormonal headaches feel like a buzzing across my temples, and are relieved with over-the-counter painkillers. Dehydration headaches are a tightening on the top of my head, signaling that I need to drink electrolyte-enhanced water.

All of these headaches are bearable. Getting these typical, that is, non tick-borne disease related headaches reminds me how very, very different they are than the agonizing headaches I suffered years ago. Learn the nuances of your own headaches, talk to your LLMD about them, and don’t let anyone but your trusted medical providers tell you what the cause of pain is in your own body.

jennifer crystalOpinions expressed by contributors are their own.

Jennifer Crystal is a writer and educator in Boston. She has written a memoir, One Tick Stopped the Clock, for which she is seeking representation. Contact her at: lymewarriorjennifercrystal@gmail.com. 

 

 

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**Comment**

This article takes me back to when I wondered if there would EVER be a day without an excruciating, all encompassing headache. Thankfully, these headaches are a thing of the past due to appropriate treatment. One of the most effective drugs for me was minocycline due to its ability to cross the blood/brain barrier:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/06/04/minocycline-for-ms-and-much-more/

Appropriate Babesia treatment was also crucial:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2016/01/16/babesia-treatment/

For me initially, the headaches were in the meninges (the layer encompassing the entire brain). The inflammation and pain were beyond anything I’d ever experienced. Then they became occipital (base of where head meets neck).  Since I met numerous patients that had a Lyme diagnosis as well as Chiari, I had a MRI to rule that out:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2016/04/02/chiari/  The MRI for me was normal – showing nothing that should cause the type of pain I was experiencing.

At this point, I tried MSM for pain/inflammation with good success & have been taking daily since:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/03/02/dmso-msm-for-lyme-msids/

I also added in systemic enzymes for the same reasons, although both MSM & enzymes do 1,000 beneficial things:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2016/04/22/systemic-enzymes/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/03/05/how-proteolytic-enzymes-may-help-lyme-msids/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/01/03/the-invisible-universe-of-the-human-microbiome-msm/

I recommend you discuss these options with your practitioner IF you’ve had sufficient antimicrobial treatment but are left with a lot of pain. These substances did not work for me while in treatment for active infection. It wasn’t until after stopping treatment that they worked for me; however, you may be different.

I do feel one mistake people make is quitting treatment too soon.  ILADS recommends being symptom-free for 2-3 months before stopping any treatment.  As you see from the article on Babesia, Dr. Horowitz recommends 9 months to a year of steady 3 weeks on, one week off treatment. Many quit this too soon.  It’s important to overlap treatment as well with numerous things hitting all the various angles.  It’s also important to switch meds when you reach plateaus.  My husband and I were treated with 4.5 years and have relapsed twice requiring 2-3 month stints of treatment. Make sure you see your practitioner if symptoms return.  Read the following articles for examples to discuss with your practitioner:

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2016/02/13/lyme-disease-treatment/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2016/01/16/babesia-treatment/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2016/01/03/bartonella-treatment/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2016/02/07/mycoplasma-treatment/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2016/03/28/combating-viruses/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/10/03/removing-parasites-to-fix-lyme-chronic-illnesses-dr-jay-davidson/

Category:

Activism, Babesia, Inflammation, Lyme, Treatment

Going Outside? Watch Out For Asian Longhorned Tick Now in Kentucky

https://www.wymt.com/content/news/Going-outside-Watch-out-for–510400381.html  News Story in Link

Going outside? Watch out for unusual tick found in Eastern Kentucky

By WYMT News Staff
Posted: May 24, 2019

MARTIN COUNTY, KY. (WAVE) – It’s Memorial Day weekend and more people will head outside as the summer season kicks off. While you’re out having fun, be sure to keep an eye out for a tick that is new to the area.

This year’s tick season is different in Kentucky because a new tick has popped up in our area.

The University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food and Environment has received more calls about seeing ticks, but reports that incidents of tick-borne diseases in the state are very low.

People still need to use precautions because ticks are out there. They’re looking to suck blood three times in their lives in order to reproduce. This year’s tick season is different in Kentucky because a new tick has popped up in our area.

“The most common ticks we have are the Lone Star Ticks and the American Dog Tick,” Spencer County Agriculture agent Bryce Roberts said. “The new one we found is the Asian Longhorned Tick.”

Roberts said the Asian Longhorned Tick was found in Eastern Kentucky, in Martin County.

“It’s very concerning because of the diseases they do carry,” Roberts said.

New ticks bring new diseases. Before or when someone gets a tick disease, they see epidemiologist Dr. Paul Schulz.

“The two we encounter the most are Ehrlichia and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever,” Schulz said.

Schulz said the infectious disease department at Norton Healthcare found its first tick-borne disease of the year in March, a sign that tick season could be starting early.

“(In) well over 50 percent of diagnosed infections, the patient didn’t know they had tick exposure,” Schulz said.

People often don’t see or feel when a tick is biting them. However, there are ways to protect yourself and your summer experience: Cover up as much of your skin as you can, use a spray with DEET, avoid overgrown wooded areas, check yourself and your children every night.

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For more:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/09/12/three-surprising-things-i-learned-about-asian-longhorned-ticks-the-tick-guy-tom-mather/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/08/08/an-invasive-new-tick-is-spreading-in-the-u-s/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/07/19/rutgers-racing-to-contain-asian-longhorned-tick/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2019/01/14/multistate-infestation-with-the-exotic-disease-vector-tick-haemaphysalis-longhornis-u-s-aug-2017-sept-2018/Where this tick exists, it is an important vector of human and animal disease agents. In China and Japan, it transmits the severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), which causes a human hemorrhagic fever (2), and Rickettsia japonica, which causes Japanese spotted fever (3). Studies in Asia identified ticks infected with various species of Anaplasma, Babesia, Borrelia, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia, and all of these pathogen groups circulate zoonotically in the United States (4,5). In addition, parthenogenetic reproduction, a biologic characteristic of this species, allows a single introduced female tick to generate progeny without mating, thus resulting in massive host infestations.

 

Authorities have been relatively mum on what this tick transmits and I’ve had to dig to find it.  So far there are no noted human illnesses caused by this tick in the U.S., but the ones listed above have occurred other countries.  Do they really think this tick isn’t going to acquire disease and transmit here?  Maybe in an alternative reality, but then again, the CDC lives in an alternative reality.

 

 

 

 

 

Category:

Activism, Anaplasmosis, Babesia, Ehrlichiosis, Lyme, Prevention, Rickettsia, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Transmission, Viruses

FDA Recommends Testing For Tick-borne Illness in Donated Blood (A Big Duh)

https://www.boston25news.com/news/fda-recommends-testing-for-tick-borne-illness-in-donated-blood/951893377

FDA recommends testing for tick-borne illness in donated blood

By: Jim Morelli

Updated:

BOSTON – It’s an infection transmitted by ticks that may not make you sick but could kill someone who gets your donated blood. 

It’s called babesiosis and the Food and Drug Administration just came out with strict new recommendations on screening for the parasite causing the disease.

Type O blood is in critically short supply this first holiday weekend of the summer.

“It’s the kind of blood that’s most in demand from hospitals and emergency rooms and trauma situations,” American Red Cross spokesperson Kelly Isenor said. “Right now, only three in every hundred people in the United States donate blood and that number just isn’t enough to keep up with the needs of hospital patients.”

With the Red Cross down to a two-day supply from its normal five.

Medical screening has always been part of the blood donation process, but this month a new recommendation from the FDA includes wholesale testing of donor samples in certain areas of the country for the tick-borne infection babesiosis.

“I’ve seen people get very sick from this and it’s great to avoid that,” Doctor Steven Sloan said. “So I think it’s an excellent move on the FDA’s part.”

Sloan is the medical director of the blood bank at Boston Children’s Hospital, where they’ve been testing blood donations for babesia the past few years — with good reason.

“It is the disease that has caused the most transfusion-transmitted fatalities in the U.S. over the last decade,” Dr. Sloan explained.

The FDA report notes that of the 200 known cases of babesiosis from blood transfusions, 95 percent came from fourteen states and the District of Columbia. Those states include all six in New England.

The report recommends updating health questionnaires in the most-affected states.

“So if a sample tests positive, the first thing is we do not use that blood for any patients. That blood will be discarded,” Sloan said.

Donors testing positive would be deferred from further donation for two years.

Although the FDA report makes clear that it is recommending babesia testing — not requiring it — Sloan predicts every blood supplier will get on board in time.

“So, [it will] probably be another year before most places will be testing for Babesia in this part of the country,” Sloan said.

And yes, that could mean more cases of transfusion-caused babesiosis.

But Sloan says with one positive in every few thousand donations, the risk is still small.

Boston Children’s Hospital says it is in dire need of blood donations. You can find out how to help here.

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For more:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2016/12/15/blood-screening-for-babesia/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/11/27/blood-screening-for-babesiosis-using-enzymatic-assays/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/03/07/babesia-tests-approved-by-fda-for-screening-purposes/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2016/06/02/study-showing-results-testing-babesia-microti/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/10/11/transfusion-transmitted-babesiosis-one-states-experience/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/08/08/transfusion-transmitted-babesiosis-in-nonendemic-areas/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/09/27/premature-infants-develop-babesia-via-blood-transfusion/

Babesia is only one of many.  Authorities are so behind the 8-ball it isn’t funny.  Many of the coinfections that often come with Lyme aren’t even reportable.

They aren’t even acknowledging or looking for them much less testing the blood supply them.

Category:

Babesia, Lyme, Testing, Transmission

Babesiosis in Pregnancy: An Imitator of HELLP Syndrome

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6488351/

. 2019 Apr; 9(2): e147–e152.
Published online 2019 Apr 29. doi: 10.1055/s-0039-1687873
PMCID: PMC6488351
PMID: 31041119

Babesiosis in Pregnancy: An Imitator of HELLP Syndrome

Raminder Kaur Khangura, MD,1 Nayo Williams, MD,1 Shontreal Cooper, MD, MPH,1 and Anne- Marie Prabulos, MD1

Abstract

HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets) is a serious pregnancy complication that can cause significant maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. There are several conditions that may occur in pregnancy that may imitate the laboratory findings and clinical presentation of HELLP syndrome. Babesiosis is a parasitic imitator of HELLP syndrome that can be spread by the tick, transfusions, or congenitally. Recognition and treatment of this condition is important to optimize maternal and fetal outcomes.

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**Comment**

Babesia is a common coinfection of Lyme. Babesia and Lyme are both congenitally transmitted from mother to baby. Research has shown those infected with both have symptoms of greater severity and of longer duration.

For more:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2016/01/16/babesia-treatment/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/11/07/congenital-babesiosis-in-two-infants/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/08/30/babesia-spread-to-newborn/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/09/27/premature-infants-develop-babesia-via-blood-transfusion/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/02/28/lyme-hang-out-with-dr-cameron-3-children-contract-babesia-from-blood-transfusion/

 

Category:

Babesia, Lyme, research

Rickettsiales in Ticks Removed From Outdoor Workers From Georgia & Florida

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/25/5/18-0438_article

Volume 25, Number 5—May 2019

Research Letter

Rickettsiales in Ticks Removed from Outdoor Workers, Southwest Georgia and Northwest Florida, USA

Elizabeth R. Gleim1Comments to Author , L. Mike Conner, Galina E. Zemtsova, Michael L. Levin, Pamela Wong, Madeleine A. Pfaff, and Michael J. Yabsley  DOI: 10.3201/eid2505.180438

The southeastern United States has multiple tick species that can transmit pathogens to humans. The most common tick species, Amblyomma americanum, is the vector for the causative agents of human ehrlichioses and southern tick-associated rash illness, among others (1). Dermacentor variabilis ticks can transmit the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and Ixodes scapularis ticks can transmit the causative agents of Lyme disease, babesiosis, and human granulocytic anaplasmosis (1). Although less common in the region, A. maculatum ticks are dominant in specific habitats and can transmit the causative agent of Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis (1).

Persons who have occupations that require them to be outside on a regular basis might have a greater risk for acquiring a tickborne disease (2). Although numerous studies have been conducted regarding risks for tickborne diseases among forestry workers in Europe, few studies have been performed in the United States (2,3). The studies that have been conducted in the United States have focused on forestry workers in the northeastern region (2). However, because of variable phenology and densities of ticks, it is useful to evaluate tick activity and pathogen prevalence in various regions and ecosystems.

Burn-tolerant and burn-dependent ecosystems, such as pine (Pinus spp.) and mixed pine forests commonly found in the southeastern United States, have unique tick dynamics compared with those of other habitats (4). The objective of this study was to determine the tick bite risk and tickborne pathogen prevalence in ticks removed from forestry workers working in pine and mixed pine forests in southwest Georgia and northwest Florida, USA.

During June 2009–December 2011, forestry workers in southwestern Georgia (7 counties) and northwestern Florida (1 county) submitted ticks crawling on or attached to them. We identified ticks and tested them for selected pathogens (Appendix). Immature forms of the same species from the same day and person were pooled (<5 nymphs and <20 larvae) for testing.

A total of 53 persons submitted 362 ticks (Table). Excluding larvae, the most common tick species submitted was A. maculatum, followed by A. americanum, I. scapularis, and D. variabilis. On 4 occasions, 1 person submitted A. tuberculatum ticks (3 batches of larvae and 1 batch of nymphs) from a longleaf pine site in Baker County, Georgia. Average submissions per persons were 2.6 ticks (median 1 tick), but 1 person submitted 100 ticks. A total of 24 persons submitted ticks more than once, and they submitted an average of 0.08–6.5 ticks/month (overall average submission rate of 1.1 ticks/month). Three ticks were engorged (1 D. variabilis adult, 1 A. americanum nymph, and 1 Amblyomma sp. nymph); only the Amblyomma sp. nymph was positive for a pathogen (R. amblyommatis).

  • Rickettsia spp. prevalence was 36.4% in adult, 27.9% in nymphal, and 20% in larval A. americanum ticks; R. amblyommatis was the only species identified (Table).
  • Rickettsia spp. were detected in 23% of A. maculatum adults; R. amblyommatis was most common (6.0%), followed by R. parkeri (4.8%).
  • A previously detected novel Rickettsia sp. was identified in 10 of 11 A. tuberculatum larval pools and was reported by Zemtsova et al. (6). An additional pool of A. tuberculatum nymphs was tested in this study and also was positive for the novel Rickettsia sp.
  • E. chaffeensis was detected in 1 A. maculatum adult (prevalence 1.2%), and Panola mountain Ehrlichia sp. was detected in 2 A. maculatum adults (prevalence 2.4%) and 1 D. variabilis adult (prevalence 10%).
  • No ticks were positive for Borrelia spp., E. ewingii, or Anaplasma phagocytophilum.

Thus, forestry workers were found to encounter ticks on a regular basis, and peak encounter rates reflected previously reported tick seasonality in this region (4). Only 3 (0.8%) of the ticks submitted were engorged, indicating prompt removal of most ticks and thus low risk for pathogen transmission. A. maculatum, a fairly uncommon tick in the southeastern United States, was the most commonly submitted tick. However, A. maculatum ticks dominate in regularly burned pine ecosystems (4), which is where most of these workers spent their time.

We observed several unique findings related to pathogens during this study. Larvae and nymphs of A. tuberculatum ticks were submitted on multiple occasions, a tick rarely reported on humans (7). These findings in conjunction with the identification of a novel Rickettsia sp. (6), suggest that additional research is warranted. This study also identified E. chaffeensis and Panola Mountain Ehrlichia in A. maculatum ticks. Although A. americanum ticks are considered the primary vector of Ehrlichia spp., these pathogens have been occasionally reported in questing A. maculatum ticks, suggesting that this tick might be involved in their transmission cycles (5,8). We also detected Panola Mountain Ehrlichia in 1 D. variabilis tick. Thus, further research regarding these alternative tick species as potential vectors of these pathogens is warranted, particularly in the case of A. maculatum ticks, which were a common species on forestry workers and are widespread in this region (4).

At the time of this study, Dr. Gleim was a research scientist at the University of Georgia, Athens, GA. She is currently a disease ecologist at Hollins University, Roanoke, VA. Her research interests include wildlife and zoonotic diseases with a particular emphasis on tickborne diseases.

Acknowledgments

We thank the persons whom submitted ticks for this study and members of the Yabsley and Levin laboratories for providing laboratory assistance.

This study was supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/University of Georgia (UGA) collaborative grant (#8212, Ecosystem Health and Human Health: Understanding the Ecological Effects of Prescribed Fire Regimes on the Distribution and Population Dynamics of Tick-Borne Zoonoses); the Oxford Research Scholars Program at Oxford College of Emory University; the Joseph W. Jones Ecological Research Center, the Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources (UGA); the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study (UGA) through the Federal Aid to Wildlife Restoration Act (50 Statute 917); and Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study sponsorship from fish and wildlife agencies of member states.

References

  1. Stromdahl  EY, Hickling  GJ. Beyond Lyme: aetiology of tick-borne human diseases with emphasis on the south-eastern United States. Zoonoses Public Health. 2012;59(Suppl 2):48–64. DOIPubMed
  2. Covert  DJ, Langley  RL. Infectious disease occurrence in forestry workers: a systematic review. J Agromed. 2002;8:95–111. DOIPubMed
  3. Lee  S, Kakumanu  ML, Ponnusamy  L, Vaughn  M, Funkhouser  S, Thornton  H, et al. Prevalence of Rickettsiales in ticks removed from the skin of outdoor workers in North Carolina. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:607. DOIPubMed
  4. Gleim  ER, Conner  LM, Berghaus  RD, Levin  ML, Zemtsova  GE, Yabsley  MJ. The phenology of ticks and the effects of long-term prescribed burning on tick population dynamics in southwestern Georgia and northwestern Florida. PLoS One. 2014;9:e112174. DOIPubMed
  5. Loftis  AD, Kelly  PJ, Paddock  CD, Blount  K, Johnson  JW, Gleim  ER, et al. Panola Mountain Ehrlichia in Amblyomma maculatum From the United States and Amblyomma variegatum (Acari: Ixodidae) From the Caribbean and Africa. J Med Entomol. 2016;53:696–8. DOIPubMed
  6. Zemtsova  GE, Gleim  E, Yabsley  MJ, Conner  LM, Mann  T, Brown  MD, et al. Detection of a novel spotted fever group Rickettsia in the gophertortoise tick. J Med Entomol. 2012;49:783–6. DOIPubMed
  7. Goddard  J. A ten-year study of tick biting in Mississippi: implications for human disease transmission. J Agromed. 2002;8:25–32. DOIPubMed
  8. Allerdice  ME, Hecht  JA, Karpathy  SE, Paddock  CD. Evaluation of Gulf Coast ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) for Ehrlichia and Anaplasma species. J Med Entomol. 2017;54:481–4.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=28031351&dopt=Abstract

Table

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**Comment**

Again, folks down South should be taken seriously when they present with symptoms.  BTW: Southern advocates tell me that STARI looks, smells, and feels just like Lyme disease.  

Lyme IS in the South:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2016/10/25/hope-for-southerners/

The take home: Clark is finding borrelia (Lyme) strains in the South that the current CDC two-tier testing will never pick up in a thousand years.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285584725_Isolation_of_live_Borrelia_burgdorferi_sensu_lato_spirochetes_from_patients_with_undefined_disorders_and_symptoms_not_typical_for_Lyme_diseases

The take home: Clark found live Bbsl (bissettii-like strain) in people from the Southeast who had undefined disorders not typical of LD, and were treated for LD even though they were seronegative, proving that B. bissetti is responsible for worldwide human infection.

He also showed DNA of Bbsl in Lone Star ticks which might be a bridge vector of transmission to humans.

Dr. Clark was the first to report finding LD spirochetes in animals and ticks in South Carolina, as well as in wild lizards in South Carolina and Florida. He has documented the presence of LD Borrelia species, Babesia microti, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Rickettsia species, and other tick-borne pathogens in wild animals, ticks, dogs, and humans in Florida and other southern states.

Clark is infected.  Surprised?  This is why he’s finding answers – it’s much more than a job to him.

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/05/31/no-lyme-in-the-south-guess-again/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2019/03/19/jacksonville-family-shares-daughters-9-month-diagnosis-of-rare-disease-which-isnt-rare-lyme/

Time to start believing people!

Category:

Anaplasmosis, Babesia, Ehrlichiosis, Lyme, research, Rickettsia, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Ticks, Uncategorized