Madison Area Lyme Support Group

The IPAK Model of ASD Causality (aka “The IPAK Model”)

After reviewing thousands of studies over two years, a more complete picture of the causality of ASD has now emerged.

We are working on an interactive web resource to allow the public and researchers to access the scientific literature in support of each component of this ASD causality model.

Note that this model includes an important component of genetic susceptibility, never addressed in whole-population ecological correlational association studies.

Again, the hypothesis of genetic susceptibility has not been addressed.

USAGE: Please use with citation and reference

Also available for download as .tiff, .ppt

Vaccine Metals and ER Stress

Aremu DA, Ezomo OF, Meshitsuka S. Gene expression in primary cultured astrocytes affected by aluminum: alteration of chaperons involved in protein folding. Environ Health Prev Med. 2011;16:16-24.

Franchi L, Núñez G. The Nlrp3 inflammasome is critical for aluminium hydroxide-mediated IL-1beta secretion but dispensable for adjuvant activity. Eur J Immunol. 38(8):2085-9.

Rizvi SH, Parveen A, Ahmad I, Ahmad I, Verma AK, Arshad M, Mahdi AA. Aluminum Activates PERK-EIF2α Signaling and Inflammatory Proteins in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2016;172(1):108-19.

Rizvi MSH, Parveen A, Verma AK, Ahmad I, Arshad M, Mahdi AA. Aluminium induced endoplasmic reticulum stress mediated cell death in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line is independent of p53. PLoS One. 2014;30;9(5):e98409.

Stamogiannos A, Papakyriakou A, Mauvais FX, van Endert P, Stratikos E. Screening Identifies Thimerosal as a Selective Inhibitor of Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase 1. ACS Med Chem Lett. 2016;7:681-5.

Direct Mitotoxicity

Kahrizi F 2016. Repeated Administration of Mercury Intensifies Brain Damage in Multiple Sclerosis through Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Iran J Pharm Res. 15:834-841.

Lemire et al., 2009. Aluminum-induced defective mitochondrial metabolism perturbs cytoskeletal dynamics in human astrocytoma cells. J. Neurosci Res 87:1474-83

Sharpe, MA et al., 2012. Thimerosal-Derived Ethylmercury Is a Mitochondrial Toxin in Human Astrocytes: Possible Role of Fenton Chemistry in the Oxidation and Breakage of mtDNA Journal of Toxicology Volume 2012 Article ID 373678, 12 pages.

Vaccine ER Stress + Unfolded Protein ER Stress = ER Hyperstress

Lyons-Weiler, J. 2018. Autism is an Acquired Cellular Detoxification Deficiency Syndrome with Hetergeneous Genetic Predisposition. Autism Open Access, (Publisher’s “editing version” online: https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/autism-is-an-acquired-cellular-detoxification-deficiency-syndrome-with-heterogeneous-genetic-predisposition-2165-7890-1000224.pdf

ER Hyperstress -> Impaired Cellular Detoxification

ER/Mito/Golgi Citations in: Lyons-Weiler, J. 2018. Autism is an Acquired Cellular Detoxification Deficiency Syndrome with Hetergeneous Genetic Predisposition. Autism Open Access, (Publisher’s “editing version” online: https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/autism-is-an-acquired-cellular-detoxification-deficiency-syndrome-with-heterogeneous-genetic-predisposition-2165-7890-1000224.pdf

Leaky Gut -> Absorption of Toxins

De Chambrun G.P., Body-Malapel M., Frey-Wagner I., Djouina M., Deknuydt F., Atrott K., Vignal C. Aluminum enhances inflammation and decreases mucosal healing in experimental colitis in mice. Mucosal Immunol. 2014;7:589–601.

Kirschbaum, BB and C Schoolwerth. 1989. Acute Aluminum Toxicity Associated with Oral Citrate and Aluminum-Containing Antacids. The American Journal of the Medical Science 297:9-11.

Tian F. 2017. The therapeutic protection of a living and dead Lactobacillus strain against aluminum-induced brain and liver injuries in C57BL/6 mice. PLoS One. 12:e0175398. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175398

Yu L 2016. Potential of Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM639 in Protecting against Aluminum Toxicity Mediated by Intestinal Barrier Function and Oxidative Stress. Nutrients. 8:pii: E783.

Yu, L 2017. Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM639 can prevent aluminium-induced neural injuries and abnormal behaviour in mice. Journal of Functional Foods 30:142-150.

Yu, L. 2017. Dietary Lactobacillus plantarum supplementation enhances growth performance and alleviates aluminum toxicity in tilapia Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 143:307-314.

Chronic Microglial Activation -> Leaky Gut

Grubišić V and Parpura V. 2015. The second brain in autism spectrum disorder: could connexin 43 expressed in enteric glial cells play a role? Front Cell Neurosci. 9:242. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00242.

Kirchgessner AL et al., 1997. Excitotoxicity in the enteric nervous system. J Neurosci. 17(22):8804-16.

Unfolded Proteins -> Autoimmunity

Garaud JC, Schickel JN, Blaison G et al. B cell signature during inactive systemic lupus is heterogeneous: toward a biological dissection of lupus. PLoS One 2011;6:e23900.

Clavarino G, Adriouach S, Quesada JL, Clay M et al. Unfolded protein response gene GADD34 is overexpressed in rheumatoid arthritis and related to the presence of circulating anti-citrullinated protein antibodies. 2016;49(3):172-8.

Immunoneuroexcitotoxicity -> Aberrant Pruning

Cunningham CL et al., 2013. Microglia regulate the number of neural precursor cells in the developing cerebral cortex. J Neurosci. 33(10):4216-33. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3441-12.2013. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3711552/

Fiorentino et al., 2016. Blood–brain barrier and intestinal epithelial barrier alterations in autism spectrum disorders. Molecular Autism 4:49

Strunecka A., et al. 2018. Immunoexcitotoxicity as the central mechanism of etiopathology and treatment of autism spectrum disorders: A possible role of fluoride and aluminum. Surg Neurol Int. 2018; 9:74.

Aberrant Pruning -> Altered Development

Thomas MS. The over-pruning hypothesis of autism. Dev Sci. 2016 19(2):284-305.

Kim HJ et al. Deficient autophagy in microglia impairs synaptic pruning and causes social behavioral defects. Mol Psychiatry. 2017 22(11):1576-1584.

Vaccine Metals Release -> Autoimmunity

Tomljenovic L, Shaw CA Mechanisms of aluminum adjuvant toxicity and autoimmunity in pediatric populations. Lupus. 2012 21(2):223-30.

Autoimmunity -> Altered Development

Braunschweig D et al., 2008. Autism: maternally derived antibodies specific for fetal brain proteins. Neurotoxicology. 29(2):226-31.

Cabanlit M et al., 2007. Brain-specific autoantibodies in the plasma of subjects with autistic spectrum disorder. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1107:92-103.

Malkki H. Neurodevelopmental disorders: Maternal antibodies induce autism-like phenotype in mice. Nat Rev Neurol. 2016 12:678-679. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2016.165.