A scanning electron micrograph shows an engorged female Ixodes angustus tick with a male I. angustus attached to its underside in typical feeding mode—a case of hyperparasitism presumed uncommon in the species. (Image originally published in Durden et al 2018, Journal of Medical Entomology)
Tick Bites Tick: A Rare Case of Hard-Tick Hyperparasitism
Sometimes, parasites get a little taste of their own medicine.
Last August, a tick specimen submitted to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game offered a surprising look at hyperparasitic behavior among the species Ixodes angustus. After examination under a scanning electron microscope (SEM), researchers shared their findings in a new report in the Journal of Medical Entomology.
The image above shows the hyperparasitism, caught in the act: A large, engorged female I. angustus tick, which had been removed from a squirrel, shown with its own hitchhiker, a male I. angustus attached to its underside in typical feeding mode—with his palps splayed outside of her exoskeleton and his feeding apparatus (hypostome and chelicerae) inserted.
Lance A. Durden, Ph.D., professor at Georgia Southern University and lead author on the report, says he had never seen such a case of hyperparasitism in hard ticks (family Ixodidae), though it is more common in soft ticks (family Argasidae).
“Engorged soft ticks can be besieged by unfed individuals who opportunistically drive their mouthparts into the fed individual to steal part of the bloodmeal,” he says.
But that’s not all that is notable about the specimen. Also visible in the image is another scar (lower, left of center) that Durden and colleagues say was likely caused by another male tick feeding on the female in the same way. And—yes, there’s more—when the specimen was originally submitted, there was another male attached, mating with the female. (It fell off in the course of preparing the specimen for SEM imaging.)
Ixodes angustus is a nidicolous, or nest-dwelling, species, meaning it can progress through its entire life cycle within the nest or burrow of its host (e.g., mouse, vole, etc.), and males are rarely found on hosts. It has been presumed that mating typically occurs in the nest, but nine males of I. angustus have been collected on hosts in the course of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game’s tick survey since 2010, and nearly all had been found mating with females. Their findings suggest mating outside the nest and hyperparasitism in I. angustus may both be more common than previously thought.
“Male ticks that were infected with a pathogen or parasite—(such as Lyme disease spirochetes or Babesia protozoans—previously during their life cycle, by feeding on an infected host, could transmit these pathogens to female ticks during hyperparasitism.Female ticks could then transfer these pathogens or parasites to their progeny by transovarial transmission,” Durden says. “Although we don’t know yet if pathogen or parasite transmission occurs between I. angustus ticks by these mechanisms, if it does occur, this could have epidemiological significance by amplifying the number of infected ticks.”
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**Comment**
Great article pointing out what all of us in Lyme-land already know: there’s so much we don’t know.
Hyperparasitism needs to be studied as it would certainly help explain the high infection rates out here.
I’ve said it before and I’ll say it again, we need researchers to start at ground zero with all things Lyme/MSIDS, pretty much ignoring previous work so that they can be objective in their analysis. Too much for far too long has been “presumed.”
You know what they say……assuming makes an ass out of u and me.
HUGE STRIDES IN LYME RESEARCH AND LINKS TO MOSQUITOS AS CARRIERS
PUBLISHED BY VISUALREALM Thursday, February 22nd, 2018
Kudos to Columbia University, et al., for making a more diligent effort to provide better quality testing diseases spread by ticks. Their findings include multiple infectious organisms that are injected via ticks into the blood stream of Americans on a daily basis.
Finally, after all the controversy, after all the battles between those of us considered Lyme literate doctors and organizations like the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), an organization who recently admitted they missed the mark, for years, with their overzealous requirements on antibody testing which has proven to have at least 60 percent false negatives.
This research by Columbia University, et al., and their admittance that previous Lyme testing was inept, should surely wake-up the World Health Organization (WHO), whom was recently named in a report for violating human rights of people with tick-borne diseases.
The report resulted in a meeting between United Nations Human Rights Council, medical professionals, scientists, human rights experts, and advocates. A human rights expert discussed the neglect of Lyme patients, in which the outdated codes of WHO resulted in very sick people being denied treatment. He also mentions the attacks on Lyme doctors who are treating chronic Lyme disease patients.
The previous lack of quality testing for Lyme disease in conjunction with the past CDC criteria and the fear many physicians on a national level, have historically faced from medical boards, is undoubtedly responsible for the unnecessary suffering, and worse, severe brain infections and neurological sequela in millions of Lyme patients in America.
Again, hats off to Columbia University and others involved for attempting to advance testing for the multiple infectious organism ticks can carry, and often inject, into our blood stream.
Are Ticks the Only Culprit? Dr. Sponaugle Believes Mosquitos Are Also to Blame for Lyme Disease.
However, the focus continues to remain too much on “tick-borne” when in fact, there should be more American research on mosquito borne diseases. I suggested in 2009, when I took over my daughter’s medical care for Lyme disease, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, West Nile, Babesia, etc., that mosquitoes are surely carrying Lyme disease. This scientific fact was finally proven in Germany, the study was released by University of Frankfurt in 2015.
Personally, I have never met a chronic Lyme patient who denied being bitten by a mosquito, yet, I have treated thousands who denied ever seeing a tick.
Are Women More Prone to Mosquito Bites?
Many men bring their chronic Lyme wives to Sponaugle Wellness and upon questioning, suggest that their wife is actually their mosquito repellent. Do mosquitoes prefer “sugar” to “spice”? The old nursery rhyme suggest females are indeed, sweeter than men, is it actually true? If so, and if mosquitoes are a major reservoir for Lyme spirochetes, it might explain why we treat so many women with severe Lyme disease who have never seen a tick.
To make this debate more interesting, I must mention a University of Florida study that suggest mosquitoes are more attracted to the sweet smell of lactic acid. Thus, patients with higher toxicity levels will attract more mosquitoes, it is a known fact that females, in general, suffer far more gut toxicity than men.
Furthermore, we know that females have twice the prevalence of toxin derived Multiple Sclerosis (MS) than do men.
The more toxicity one suffers, the more inflammation one suffers, and subsequently, excessive inflammation stimulates an elevation of multiple blood clotting factors (Fibrinogen, Thrombin-Antithrombin III, PAT). The elevated clotting factors ultimately narrow the capillary lumen and prevent red blood cells from traveling through the microcirculation and thus compromise the delivery of oxygen. This leaves deep tissue in a state of micro-hypoxia or lack of oxygen, thus leaving body tissue in a slight, but chronic anaerobic state. This mild anaerobic state causes excessive production and accumulation of sweet smelling lactic acid in the body tissue and blood stream.
The take home message is – the more toxic, the more inflamed, the more excessive blood clotting, the more reduction of capillary blood flow, the more lactic acidosis build up, the “sweeter” you smell to mosquitoes. This will explain the mechanism for some of you who know well that you are the “mosquito magnet” among your friends and family.
If we accept the stellar research from University of Frankfurt, and we acknowledge that many more people are bitten by mosquitoes than by ticks, should we then not surmise that partial causation of the surge of Lyme disease is actually secondary to the ever-growing scourge of mosquitos.
I believe these scientific facts and common sense should compel well-funded institutions to immediately begin an attempt to study and ascertain what percentage of mosquitoes are indeed carrying Lyme spirochetes.
Women who consider themselves “Mosquito Magnets” are most susceptible
Let us always think and pontificate, let us not become complacent assuming we have the answer in totality. We must realize the more we know, the less we really know. We cannot blindly accept the limited thinking of many, we should surely be focused on studying the possibility that mosquitoes are potentially every bit as responsible for causing an increased prevalence of Lyme disease in Americans.
We should also surmise that there is a great possibility, certainly remain open minded to the concept, that mosquitoes can more easily transport Bartonella, a much smaller bacterium than the Borrelia spirochete.
At Sponaugle Wellness, our clinic is saturated with Bartonella ridden females most of whom have never seen a tick, but they do consider themselves a mosquito magnet. Their blood smears are saturated with various Protozoa which readily correlate with Protozoa infection on their PET brain scans.
These women who suggest “mosquitoes love them” more commonly test positive for Bartonella which truthfully seems to be ubiquitous. The blood smears of these women typically reveal Bartonella infection which correlates with medial frontal lobe pressure, mid forehead, and often significant pressure behind their eyes. These same female patients who readily attract mosquitoes exhibit a specific pattern of under activity in the medial frontal lobe on their PET brain imaging.
This “Bart pattern” we see on their PET brain scan, and the excessive pressure these patients experience in the middle of their forehead and behind their eyes, normally goes away once we enhance their mitochondrial function, enhance natural killer cell activity via all natural IV protocols, which then, after the enhancement of their immune function we provide an efficacious kill with specific antibiotics that are much better for killing Bartonella than they are for Lyme spirochetes.
Let’s keep learning together as I encourage you, the patients, to increase awareness and put pressure on politicians to allocate more tax dollars for the study of mosquitos as a potential and significant reservoir of not only Lyme spirochetes, but also what my patients are proving is a Bartonella epidemic in America. For more information, read Dr. Sponaugle’s full study on How Borrelia Bacteria is Transmitted from Mosquitoes to Humans.
Read original article on Columbia’s Multiplex Test for Tick-borne Diseases (TBD Serochip) here.
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**Comment**
I wished I shared the same outlook the author of this article has; unfortunately, regarding other insects being vectors of Bb, I hear powerfully placed & highly funded entomologists use a Magnarelli et al, study completed in the 80’s that showed spirochetes in the heads and midguts, but as a “rare” event. They then state that the public “zeros” in on “rare events” too much and lowers their perception of risk by the main vector (the tick, of course).
So, in essence, you have researchers choosing to downplay (censor) something that is happening in real time because they are worried about our response.
I keep hearing the “Don’t panic” mantra from authorities which then trickles down through a blind and bought out media. These people obviously aren’t infected.
Trust me. You panic when you can’t walk.
For those interested in the ancient, dusty Magnarelli et al study: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=3170711Prevalence of infection for hematophagous insects (blood sucking) ranged from 2.9% of 105 Hybomitra lasiophthalma (horse fly) to 14.3% of seven Hybomitra epistles (horse fly) …Groups of 113 field-collected mosquitoes of Aedes canadensis and 43 Aedes stimulans were placed in cages with uninfected Syrian hamsters. Of these, 11 females of both species contained B. burgdorferi and had fed fully or partially from the hamsters. No spirochetes were isolated from the hamsters, but antibodies were produced in one test animal.
My question is, do other serious, life-threatening diseases rely solely on studies completed 30 years ago & then quit studying?
For the German study on Mosquitos and Bb: https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2016/07/23/german-study-finds-borrelia-in-mosquitos/ DNA of Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia bavariensis and Borrelia garinii could be detected in ten Culicidae species (mosquitoes) comprising four distinct genera (Aedes, Culiseta, Culex, and Ochlerotatus). Positive samples also include adult specimens raised in the laboratory from wild-caught larvae indicating that transstadial and/or transovarial transmission might occur within a given mosquito population.
It’s right here in bright purple crayon. But the elephant sits, unnoticed in the middle of the room.
And issue after issue such as is Bb sexually, congenitally, & transmitted via breast milk? Are other ticks involved? How do coinfections affect cases? When is the CDC going to even acknowledge that patients are coinfected? And on and on to infinity.
To those answers, highly placed and powerful people will smugly point to research done by themselves over 30 years ago. Then they even have the audacity to smugly point out meta-analysis of buckets of studies done by themselves over 30 years ago to cinch the deal. Mind you, these studies have two inches of dust on them, yet we are to blindly accept that nothing’s changed.
And yet, Lyme/MSIDS is a pandemic – and coming to your neighborhood soon.
Lyme disease surveillance in the United States: Looking for ways to cut the Gordian knot
Authors: M. L. Cartter, R. Lynfield, K. A. Feldman, S. A. Hook, A. F. Hinckley
First published: 12 February 2018 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12448
Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Summary
Current surveillance methods have been useful to document geographic expansion of Lyme disease in the United States and to monitor the increasing incidence of this major public health problem. Nevertheless, these approaches are resource-intensive, generate results that are difficult to compare across jurisdictions, and measure less than the total burden of disease. By adopting more efficient methods, resources could be diverted instead to education of at-risk populations and new approaches to prevention. In this special issue of Zoonoses and Public Health, seven articles are presented that either evaluate traditional Lyme disease surveillance methods or explore alternatives that have the potential to be less costly, more reliable, and sustainable. Twenty-five years have passed since Lyme disease became a notifiable condition – it is time to reevaluate the purpose and goals of national surveillance.
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**Comment**
Yes, please! Cut the Gordian Knot! Better yet, take an ax to the thing!
Thanks to the enduring popularity of the Alexander fable, the phrase “Gordian knot” has entered the lexicon as shorthand for an intricate or intractable obstacle. One of its earliest appearances came in the Shakespeare play Henry V, where the titular character is praised for his ability to “unloose” the Gordian knots of politics. Likewise, the saying “cutting the Gordian knot” is now commonly used to describe a creative or decisive solution to a seemingly insurmountable problem.
LYME DISEASE, TRANSPLACENTAL TRANSMISSION AND FETAL DAMAGE
The two sides of the coin in pregnancy and LYME DISEASE
Hello friends of the network DERMAGIC EXPRESS, I bring you today another topic for what I call the “SAGA” on LYME DISEASE, in this case the controversial issue of TRANSPLACENTAL TRANSMISSION AND FETAL DAMAGE AND DEATH in pregnant women and infected with the feared BORRELIA BURGDORFERI.
I have found numerous references; most claim that BORRELIA in pregnant women with LYME DISEASE traverses the placenta and reaches the fetus and can cause multi organic damage, including the death of the same, intrauterine or a few hours or days after birth. Other authors say that this is false.
The CDC (Center of Control of Infectious Diseases) affirms that if the pregnant woman with LYME does her treatment, the child will be born healthy and recommends the use of the antibiotic AMOXICILLIN, because DOXYCYCLINE can cause damage to the developing fetus. The question here is what would happen if the BORRELIA species is resistant to AMOXICILLIN? Or the antibiotic to which BORRELIA is sensitive cannot be indicated because it would harm the fetus?
BORRELIA BURGDORFERI was discovered in 1982 by the aforementioned Willy Burgdorfer, the causal agent of the ERYTHEMA MIGRANS or LYME DISEASE, and only 1 year later the first study in 1983 described that it is suspected that this ESPIROCHETE can cross the placenta and infect the fetus, study published by Shirts SR, Brown MS, and Bobitt JR. under the name of “Listeriosis and borreliosis as causes of antepartum fever”. (8)
Later in the year 1985 Schlesinger PA, Duray PH, Burke BA, Steere AC, Stillman MT published a paper called “Maternal-fetal transmission of the spirochete of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi” where they report a case of a woman who developed LYME DISEASE and did not receive treatment with antibiotics. The child was born at 35 weeks of pregnancy and died of congenital heart disease the first week of life. The autopsy revealed the LYME ESPIROCHETE in the SPLEEN, KIDNEYS AND BONE MARROW. (2)
Later, the same WILLY BURGDORFER the discoverer and “father” of the ESPIROCHETE BORRELIA, who along with Dr. Alan Mc Donald and Jorge Benach PhD, published in the year 1987 (31 years ago) a work they called “stillbirth following maternal LYME DISEASE.” and I quote from the conclusions of these scientists: (24.)
“… Two cases of transplacental transmission of the BORRELIA BURGDORFERI were found associated with fetal death and congenital malformations, different anomalies were detected in each case …”
“… We recommend that pathologists study the tissues of stillborn fetuses in search of BORRELIA BURGDORFERI especially those with cardiac anomalies, and clinical doctors investigate the exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy to BORRELIA BURGDORFERI and in these cases determine if cardiac organogenesis is complete by the end of the first trimester of pregnancy”
“… We believe that there is enough evidence to alert women living in endemic areas of LYME DISEASE and doctors to recognize the early signs and symptoms of the disease and to start treatment with PENICILLIN at the same dose of SYPHILIS as used in pregnant women in the first trimester, regardless of the results of the laboratory tests … “
Another study that is worth noting is the one made by the MEDLINE database updated for the year of July 2012, the last revision of November 2012 of 88 journal articles from the PUBMED database, which I summarize as follows:
Maternal-Fetal Transmission of Lyme Disease
RESULTS:
1.) Mothers with active Lyme Disease,Treated: 14.6% of the pregnancies with sequelae,
2.) Untreated: 66.7% of the pregnancies with sequelae,
3.) Unknown as to treatment: 30.3% with sequelae.
4.) Specific adverse outcomes included: cardiac 22.7%, neurologic 15.2%, orthopedic 12.1%, ophthalmic 4.5%, genitourinary 10.6%, miscellaneous anomalies 12.1%, 2nd trimester demise 12.1%. Highest rate of adverse outcome (72.7%) in women with infection acquired prior to or during first trimester.)
Now I will put a summary of the most frequent clinical manifestations described in the studies of children born to mothers with LYME disease, LYME positive
COMMON SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS IN LYME POSITIVE CHILDREN:
=====================================================
1.) LOW GRADE FEVER: 59% -60%
2.) FATIGUE AND LACK OF RESISTANCE: 72%
3.) NOCTURNAL SWEATING: 23%
4.) PALE, DARK CIRCLE UNDER THE EYES: 42%
5.) ABDOMINAL PAIN: 20-29%
6.) DIARRHEA OR CONSTIPATION: 32%
7.) NAUSEA: 23%
8.) CARDIAC ANOMALIES: 23%: PALPITATIONS, (PVC) HERAT MURMUR, MITRAL VALVLE PROLAPSE
9.) ORTHOPEDIC DISORDERS: SENSITIVITY (55%), PAIN (69%) SPASMS AND GENERALIZED MUSCLE PAIN (69%), RIGIDITY AND / OR DELAY OF MOVEMENTS (23%).
10.) RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS OF THE SUPERIOR TRACT AND OTITIS: 40%
11.) ARTHRITIC DISORDERS AND PAINFUL JOINTS: 6% -50-%
12.) NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS:
A- HEADACHES: 50%
B-) IRRITABILITY: 54%.
C-) BAD MEMORY: 39%
13.) DELAY IN DEVELOPMENT: 18%
14.) SEIZURE DISORDERS: 11%
15.) VERTIGO: 30%
16.) TIC DISORDERS: 14%
17.) INVOLUNTARY ATETOID MOVEMENTS: 9%.
18.) LEARNING DISORDERS AND HUMOR CHANGES: 80%
A-) COGNITIVE SPEAKING: 27%
B-) SPEACH DELAY: 21%
C-) READING-WRITING PROBLEMS: 19%
D.) PROBLEMS OF VOCAL ARTICULATION: 17%.
E-) PROBLEMS OF AUDITIVES / VISUAL PROCESSING: 13%
F-) WORD SELECTION PROBLEMS: 12%
G-) DYSLEXIA: 8%
19.) SUICIDAL THOUGHTS: 7%
20.) ANXIETY: 21%
21.) ANGER OR RAGE: 23%
22.) AGGRESSION OR VIOLENCE: 13%
23.) IRRITABILITY: 54% -80%
24.) EMOTIONAL DISORDERS: 13%
25.) DEPRESSION: 13%
26.) HYPERACTIVITY: 36%
27.) PHOTOPHOBIA: 40-43%
28.) GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX WITH VOMIT AND COUGH: 40%
29.) SECONDARY ERUPTIONS: 23%
30.) OTHER ERUPTIONS: 45%
31.) CAVERNOUS HAEMANGIOMA: 30%
32.) OULAR PROBLEMS: POSTERIOR CATARACTS, MYOPIA, STIGMATISM, CONJUNCTIVE ERYTHEMA (LYME EYES), OPTICAL NERVE ATROPHY AND / OR UVEITIS: 30%
44.) FATIGUE AND LACK OF RESISTANCE: 72%
45.) SENSITIVITY OF SKIN AND NOISE (HYPERACUITY): 36-40%
46.) AUTISM.
There are numerous studies showing a clear EVIDENCE that the BORRELIA BURGDORGFERI in pregnant women is able to cross the placenta and infect the fetus. I could get tired here of giving you the description of each of them. But I will give you ALL the BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES that I found from the year 1983 until the year 2017, first the ones I found and then a chronology of ALL of them.
I close this issue which is HIGHLY DISCUSSED TODAY, with a post by Angélica Johansson, a great fighter against THIS PLAGUE that I found in my LINKEDIN network about the future of the planet and the LYME DISEASE … I quote:
“…”1 million people are predicted to get infected with Lyme disease in the USA in 2018. Given the same incidence rate of Lyme disease in Europe as in the USA, then 2.4 million people will get infected with Lyme disease in Europe in 2018. In the USA by 2050, 55.7 million people (12% of the population) will have been infected with Lyme disease. In Europe by 2050, 134.9 million people (17% of the population) will have been infected with Lyme disease. Most of these infections will, unfortunately, become chronic.
The estimated treatment cost for acute and chronic Lyme disease for 2018 for the USA is somewhere between 4.8 billion USD and 9.6 billion USD and for Europe somewhere between 10.1 billion EUR and 20.1 billion EUR. If governments do not finance IV treatment with antibiotics for chronic Lyme disease, then the estimated government cost for chronic Lyme disease for 2018 for the USA is 10.1 billion USD and in Europe 20.1 billion EUR.
If governments in the USA and Europe want to minimize future costs and maximize future revenues, then they should pay for IV antibiotic treatment up to a year even if the estimated cure rate is as low as 25%. The cost for governments of having chronic Lyme patients sick in perpetuity is very large….”
But what you see every day is a fight between IDSA and ILADS, CDC and others on the subject of whether it is a simple tick bite and you take an antibiotic and you cure or that it is a disease of difficult diagnosis and high cost of treatment. Between believers and non-believers to summarize. The truth is that it is spreading all over the world in leaps and bounds.
And if you have doubts that this ESPIROCHETE may or may not harm the fetus of pregnant women, cause birth defects, and many other consequences including, stillborn babies, read this “MOUNTAIN” of references that I leave here.
Approx. 25 Min.
Sue Faber, RN and Co-Founder of LymeHope speaks to pregnancy and Gestational Lyme at the LymeHope Education Event, Oakville, Ontario on November 3, 2017.
Dr. Elena Frid, a board-certified NYC neurologist and specialist in Lyme disease & other vector-borne diseases, discusses congenital Lyme disease.
**Comment** In reference to Dr. Frid’s comment that congenital Lyme is rare, I would disagree. We have not been keeping track of numbers and there are probably way more than is being acknowledged.
CONCLUSION: BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, not only transmitted by the tick bite, is TRANSMITTED by sexual contact, fluids and can also colonize the fetus of pregnant women if there is no effective treatment able to eradicate it during the same. And it is not exclusive to the Northern Hemisphere. The BORRELIA is also in the Southern Hemisphere.
2.) Maternal-fetal transmission of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. Ann Intern Med. 1985 Jul;103(1):67-8. [PUBMED]. Schlesinger PA, Duray PH, Burke BA, Steere AC, Stillman MT.
3.) Borrelia burgdorferi in a newborn despite oral penicillin for Lyme borreliosis during pregnancy. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1988 Apr;7(4):286-9. [PUBMED]. Weber K1, Bratzke HJ, Neubert U, Wilske B, Duray PH.
4.) Neonatal skin lesions due to a spirochetal infection: a case of congenital Lyme borreliosis? Int J Dermatol. 1997 Sep;36(9):677-80. [PUBMED]. Trevisan G1, Stinco G, Cinco M.
5.) Confirmation of Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes by polymerase chain reaction in placentas of women with reactive serology for Lyme antibodies. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1996;41(4):240-3. [PUBMED]. Figueroa R1, Bracero LA, Aguero-Rosenfeld M, Beneck D, Coleman J, Schwartz I.
6.) Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in urine of patients with ocular Lyme borreliosis.
Pleyer U1, Priem S, Bergmann L, Burmester G, Hartmann C, Krause A. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001 May;85(5):552-5. [PUBMED]
7.) Culture and identification of Borrelia spirochetes in human vaginal and seminal secretions [version 1; referees: 1 not approved]. Marianne J. Middelveen1, Jennie Burke2, Eva Sapi3, Cheryl Bandoski3, Katherine R. Filush3, Yean Wang2, Agustin Franco2, Arun Timmaraju3, Hilary A. Schlinger1, Peter J. Mayne1, Raphael B. Stricker1
Source: https://f1000research.com/articles/3-309/v1 F1000 RESEARCH
8.) Listeriosis and borreliosis as causes of antepartum fever. Obstet Gynecol. 1983 Aug;62(2):256-61. [PUBMED]. Shirts SR, Brown MS, Bobitt JR.
9.) Maternal-fetal transmission of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi.
Schlesinger PA, Duray PH, Burke BA, Steere AC, Stillman MT.
10.) Gestational Lyme borreliosis. Implications for the fetus. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1989 Nov 15:657-77. MacDonald AB. Source: . Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1989 Nov 15:657-77
12) Lyme Borrelia positive serology associated with spontaneous abortion in an endemic Italian area.) Acta Eur Fertil. 1988 Sep-Oct;19(5):279-81. [PUBMED]. Carlomagno G1, Luksa V, Candussi G, Rizzi GM, Trevisan G.
13.) Infection with Borrelia: Implications for Pregnancy. James M O’Brien 1. and 2 Odessa P Hamidi. Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Pennsylvania College of Medicine, USA. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania College of Medicine, USA.
SOURCE: http://www.smgebooks.com/lyme-disease/chapters/LD-17-05.pdf
14.) MEDLINE results for: borrelia pregnancy AND human. 88 journal articles in the PubMed
database BDH, July 2012, Latest Revision Novemb
er 2012, http://www.Huismans.de.vu
15.) Infants born to mothers with antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi at delivery. Eur J Pediatr. 1989 Feb;148(5):426-7. [PUBMED]. Nadal D1, Hunziker UA, Bucher HU, Hitzig WH, Duc G.
17.) Congenital relapsing fever (Borrelia hermsii).Blood, 15 November 2000, Vol. 96, No. 10, pp. 3333-3333William A. Dittman. Sr, Sacred Heart Medical Center, Spokane, WA.
20.) Borreliosis during pregnancy: a risk for the unborn child?. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011 Jul;11(7):891-8. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0102. Epub 2010 Oct 6. [PUBMED]. Mylonas I1.
21.) Intrauterine transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 1993 Jun;54(6):882-90. [PUBMED]. Gustafson JM1, Burgess EC, Wachal MD, Steinberg H.
22.) Fetal outcome in murine Lyme disease. Infect Immun. 1995 Jan;63(1):66-72. [PUBMED] Silver RM1, Yang L, Daynes RA, Branch DW, Salafia CM, Weis JJ.
27.) Teratogenic effects of the bacteria Borrelia sp. on the fetuses of pregnant women with Lyme disease. Sliwa, Leopold. Nowa Medycyna 04/2011. (Translation of above article)
28.) Lyme disease in pregnancy: case report and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2007 Jan;62(1):41-50. [PUBMED] Walsh CA1, Mayer EW, Baxi LV.
29.) Borreliosis During Pregnancy: A Risk for the Unborn Child? VECTOR-BORNE AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES. Volume 11, Number 7, 2011. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc..DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0102. Ioannis Mylonas. Source full text: http://boreliozaonline.pl/publikacje/Borelioza-w-ciazy.pdf BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES BY CHRONOLOGY
source:
Lyme Disease and Pregnancy, Maternal Fetal Transmission of Lyme Disease:
1983 Shirts SR, Brown MS, Bobitt Jr. Listeriosis and borreliosis as causes of antepartum fever. Obstet Gynecol 1983;62:256.
1985 Schlesinger PA, Duray PH, Burke BA, Steere AC, Stillman MT. Maternal fetal transmission of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. (1985) Ann Intern Med, 103, 67-8.
1985 MMWR. Update: Lyme Disease and Cases Occurring during Pregnancy—United States. Vol. 34, No. 25 (June 28, 1985), pp. 376- 378, 383-384
1986 MacDonald A. Human fetal borreliosis, toxemia of pregnancy, and fetal death. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A. 1986 Dec;263(1-2):189-200.
1986 Burgdorfer, W., The Enlarging Spectrum of Tick Borne Spirochetoses; R.R. Parker Memorial address. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, vol.8, no.6 (Nov-Dec 1986), pp.932940
1986 Markowitz LE, Steere AC, Benach JL, et al. Lyme disease during pregnancy. JAMA.(1986); 255(24), 3394-6.
1987 MacDonald AB, Benach JL, Burgdorfer W. Stillbirth following maternal Lyme disease. N Y State J Med. 1987 Nov;87(11):615-6.
1988 Weber K; Bratzke HJ, Neubert U, Wilske B, Duray PH. (1988) Borrelia burgdorferi in a newborn despite oral penicillin for Lyme borreliosis during pregnancy. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 7:286-9.
1988 Carlomagno G, Luksa V, Candussi G, et al. (1988) Lyme Borrelia positive serology associated with spontaneous abortion in an endemic Italian area. Acta Eur Fertil 19(5), 279-81.
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