Archive for the ‘research’ Category

Researchers Discover Method to Make Bacteria Harmless

https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/amp23899109/researchers-discover-method-to-make-bacteria-harmless/

Researchers Discover Method to Make Bacteria Harmless

The newly discovered molecules could bring vitally important in a world of superbugs and ineffective antibiotics.

By Avery Thompson Oct 18, 2018

Ever since the invention of penicillin, doctors have used antibiotics to kill hostile bacteria and end infections, but over the past few decades we’ve seen strains of bacteria that are resistant to all the antibiotics doctors use. These so-called ‘superbugs’ present a serious threat to patients and to the public because we have nothing that can really counter them.

Researchers from Case Western Reserve University may have found a solution to this problem, and it doesn’t involve antibiotics at all. The researchers developed a method to cure sepsis—at least in mice—using small molecules called F12 and F19 to block the bacteria from doing any damage, which doesn’t require any antibiotics at all.

Typical antibiotics work by breaking up bacteria cell walls, which cause those bacteria to fall apart and die. These small F12 and F19 molecules the researchers discovered work a little differently. Instead of killing the bacteria, they bind to one of the bacteria’s proteins that plays an important role in toxin production, rendering it useless. Without that protein, the bacteria are harmless.

In tests in mice, the researchers found that 70 percent of untreated mice with sepsis died, but 100 percent of the mice treated with F12 or F19 survived. In addition, they found that adding those two molecules made regular antibiotics more effective, meaning even severe infections could be treated with a combination of F12 or F19 coupled with a low-strength antibiotic.

But the biggest advantage of F12 and F19 is that they don’t kill or even hurt the bacteria they interact with. The bacteria affected by these two molecules can continue living, but will simply stop producing toxins that make us sick. That means there won’t be any evolutionary incentive for the bacteria to develop resistances to them, which means F12 and F19 will last much longer than any antibiotic.

That’s good news for doctors, who are rapidly running out of ways to treat bacterial infections. It’ll take a long time for F12 and F19 to ever be used in humans, but this early research has some promising results. Perhaps with these two molecules, we might be able to fend off bacteria for a lot longer.

Source: Case Western Reserve University

 

Thirty Percent Finnish Ticks Carry at Least One Pathogen & Candidas Rickettsia Tarasevichiae Found for the First Time

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30355331

Parasit Vectors. 2018 Oct 24;11(1):556. doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-3131-y.

Tick-borne pathogens in Finland: comparison of Ixodes ricinus and I. persulcatus in sympatric and parapatric areas.

Laaksonen M1, Klemola T2, Feuth E3, Sormunen JJ2, Puisto A2, Mäkelä S2, Penttinen R4, Ruohomäki K2, Hänninen J4, Sääksjärvi IE4, Vuorinen I4, Sprong H5, Hytönen J3, Vesterinen EJ4,6.

Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Almost 3500 tick samples, originally collected via a nationwide citizen science campaign in 2015, were screened to reveal the prevalence and distribution of a wide spectrum of established and putative tick-borne pathogens vectored by Ixodes ricinus and I. persulcatus in Finland. The unique geographical distribution of these two tick species in Finland allowed us to compare pathogen occurrence between an I. ricinus-dominated area (southern Finland), an I. persulcatus-dominated area (northern Finland), and a sympatric area (central Finland).
RESULTS:
Of the analysed ticks, almost 30% carried at least one pathogen and 2% carried more than one pathogen. A higher overall prevalence of tick-borne pathogens was observed in I. ricinus than in I. persulcatus: 30.0% (604/2014) versus 24.0% (348/1451), respectively. In addition, I. ricinus were more frequently co-infected than I. persulcatus: 2.4% (49/2014) versus 0.8% (12/1451), respectively. Causative agents of Lyme borreliosis, i.e. bacterial genospecies in Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato) group, were the most prevalent pathogens (overall 17%). “Candidatus Rickettsia tarasevichiae” was found for the first time in I. ricinus ticks and in Finnish ticks in general. Moreover, Babesia divergens, B. venatorum and “Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis” were reported for the first time from the Finnish mainland.
CONCLUSIONS:
The present study provides valuable information on the prevalence and geographical distribution of various tick-borne pathogens in I. ricinus and I. persulcatus ticks in Finland. Moreover, this comprehensive subset of ticks revealed the presence of rare and potentially dangerous pathogens. The highest prevalence of infected ticks was in the I. ricinus-dominated area in southern Finland, while the prevalence was essentially equal in sympatric and I. persulcatus-dominated areas. However, the highest infection rates for both species were in areas of their dominance, either in south or north Finland.

________________

**Comment**

Candidatus Rickettsia tarasevichiae:

Causes human disease and is a new species of rickettsiae of the spotted fever group.  https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1303004

Symptoms:

  • hospitalized with fever
  • asthenia (weakness)
  • anorexia
  • nausea
  • headache
  • eschar (dead tissue that falls off healthy skin)
  • lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes)
  • meningitis-like manifestations: vomiting, neck stiffness, and Kernig’s sign.
  • Coma, renal dysfunction, respiratory acidosis then developed, and the patient died 4 days after admission to the hospital.
  • Laboratory tests showed a slight increase in the leukocyte count
  • elevated level of aspartate aminotransferase
  • proteinuria
  • increase in the level of cerebrospinal fluid protein and leukocyte count
  • Since none of the patients presented with rash, which is considered to be a typical sign of infections with species of rickettsiae of the spotted fever group their conditions were initially misdiagnosed, and they received penicillin G, leading to a prolonged hospitalization for approximately 20 days.
Babesia venatorum

Causes human disease: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/5/pdfs/12-1034.pdf  B. venatorum was first known as Babesia sp. EU1 and was named after the Latin word for hunter because the first reported infected patients were 2 occupational hunters from Austria and Italy.

Symptoms:

  • irregular fever (38.6°C–41.0°C) for 12 days
  • anemi
  • malaise
  • myalgia
  • fatigue
  • progressive weakness
  • shortness of breath
Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis:

Causes human disease:  https://jcm.asm.org/content/48/5/1956.full, and is an uncultured emerging bacterium that is in the family of Anaplasmosis. It’s close relatives Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum selectively infect the professional phagocytes monocytes/macrophages and neutrophilic granulocytes, which suggests that “Ca. Neoehrlichia mikurensis” may display tropism for leukocytes also.  Until now, no one has been able to grow “Ca. Neoehrlichia mikurensis”, which explains why  blood cultures remain negative. 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2052297518300027

Symptoms:

  • immunosuppressive conditions
  • haematologic neoplasia
  • fever
  • myalgia (muscle pain)
  • arthralgia (joint pain)
  • Vascular events such as deep vein thrombosis, thromboembolic events, aneurysm and transitory ischemic accidents
  • skin manifestations, such as erythema nodosum or erysipelas-like rashes
  • elevated C-reactive protein levels
  • leukocytosis (neutrophilia) 
  • anemia

Ixodes ricinus tick, a.k.a castor bean tick, or sheep tick info:  http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/ixodes_ricinus.pdf  I. ricinus can also transmit a number of pathogens including Babesia divergens (babesiosis), louping ill virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) and Anaplasma phagocytophila (tick-borne fever of ruminants, human granulocytic anaplasmosis).  Add to this growing list “Candidatus Rickettsia tarasevichiae,” a new species of rickettsiae of the spotted fever group.

Ioxodes persulcatus tick, a.k.a. Taiga tick info:  http://www.bristoluniversitytickid.uk/page/Ixodes+persulcatus/25/#.W-mzZREeteI  Transmits Russian Spring-Summer encephalitis and Lyme disease.

Babesia divergens, B. venatorum and “Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis” were reported for the first time from the Finnish mainland.

This article demonstrates why many in “Lyme land” remain ill.

You can’t diagnose what you can’t see, grow, and test for.

Authorities have absolutely no idea what is infecting everyone, and Lyme is only the tip of the ice-berg.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gestational Lyme & Other Tick-borne Diseases – Dr. Jones

Dr. Charles Ray Jones – Rock Star

FB_IMG_1541741969447From left, Sherry Sievewright, Wisconsin Lyme Network, Dr. Charles Ray Jones, Alicia Cashman, Madison Lyme Support Group

Dr. Charles Ray Jones specializes in treating Lyme/MSIDS patients.  He has treated over 12,000 children with Lyme/MSIDS, and spoke recently at the Chicago ILADS convention.

Here is the executive summary of his presentation:

  • Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) can be transmitted via ticks, gestationally, breast milk, and semen (yes, that means sexually).  While there isn’t a large NIH double-blind study, clinically LLMD’s are finding infected couples.  For more data on animals:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/02/24/pcos-lyme-my-story/  (Scroll down to info on sexual transmission)

 

  • Gustafason & Burgess demonstrated gestational Bb infection in dogs.  Of the inoculated bitches, 80% became infected who then birthed mostly infected pups.1

 

  • A retrospective study showed 480 children with gestational Lyme/MSIDS. Diagnosis was based on clinical physical and history. 3

 

  • About 10% of Dr. Jones’ patients are infected gestationally.

 

  • Two cases of in vitro fertilization caused embryonic infection.

 

  • Mothers not treated resulted in 50% gestational transmission compared to mothers treated with 1 antibiotic resulting in a 25% transmission.  70% of infected mothers reported a difficult pregnancy.  ALL children improved with appropriate antibiotic treatment.  

 

  • Antibiotic treatment for Pregnant mothers:
  1. Amoxil 1000mg every 8 hours
  2. Ceftin 500 mg every 12 hours
  3. Omnicef 300 mg-600mg twice daily
  4. Mepron 750mg twice daily
  5. Zithromax 500mg twice daily
  • Other options for those who can not tolerate oral antibiotics:
  1. Bicillin 1.2 million units IM 1-3 times weekly
  2. Ceftiaxone 2 gms IV daily
  3. Cefotaxime 6 gms daily either continuous infusions or 2gms IV every 8 hours
  • Top 6 gestational Lyme symptoms:
  1. 90% low muscle tone (delays in motor skills, excess flexibility, drooling)
  2. 80% irritability (impulsive, risky behavior, interrupts, anger/mood swings)
  3. 72% fatigue
  4. 69% pain
  5. 60% low grade fevers with pale skin & dark circles under eyes
  6. 50% painful joints with stiffness & decreased range of motion
  • Coinfection rate found in study.3
  1. 30% Bartonella
  2. 20% Babesia
  3. 7% Strep
  4. 6% Ehrlichiosis
  5. 5% Leptospirosis
  • Male Child Case Study Findings.  Daily fevers between 101-102 degrees with severe joint pain, could not process stimuli, and poor muscle control.  Mother was infected with Bb during pregnancy and child had numerous tick bites.  Was initially diagnosed with a virus and was told he’d “grow out of it.”  Grandparents in desperation hired a priest to exorcise him.  Within 3 months of a clinical diagnosis of Bb (Western Blot positive) and multiple TBI’s (Babesia, Bartonella, Mycoplasma) and appropriate antibiotic treatment, he was doing well in school & athletics, and improved on all perimeters.  Treatment is ongoing.

 

  • Gestational treatment options:
  1. Combination of penicillin, cephalosporins, macrocodes, atovaquone (tetracycline, doxycyline & minocycline not usually used in those under 8) 

 

  • A 1995 study by Gardner showed 15% abnormal babies in treated mothers vs 67% of abnormal babies in mothers not treated.4

 

  • A 1989 study by MacDonald showed the following Lyme infection outcomes during pregnancy.5
  1. prematurity
  2. fluid in the brain
  3. blindness
  4. Sudden infant death syndrome
  5. blood infection
  6. Fetal death
  7. cardiovascular system anomalies
  8. growth retardation
  9. respiratory distress
  10. excess of bilirubin in the blood

References:

  1. Gustafson, J.M., E.C Burgess, et al.(1993). “Intrauterine transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs. “Am J Vet Res 54(6): 882-890
  2.  Xiao, J., et al. 2011. “How Different Strains of Parasite Infection Affect Behavior Differently”. Infection and Immunity. March 2011 . Quoted in science daily, March 22, 2011.
  3.  Jones, Charles Ray, Smith, Harold, Gibb, Edina and Johnson, Lorraine JD, MBA, “Gestational Lyme Disease Case Studies of 102 Live Births, Lyme Times, 2005”. 
  4. Gardner, T. (1995). Lyme disease. Infectious disease of the fetus and newborn infant. J. S Remington and J.O Klein. Philadelphia, Saunders. Chapter 11:447- 528. 
  5. MacDonald, A.B. (1989) “Gestational Lyme Borreliosis. Implications for the fetus. “Rheum Dis Clin North Amer 15(4): 657-677. 
  6. Goldenberg, R.L and C. Thompson (2003) “The infectious origin of stillbirth”. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189(#): 861-873.

____________________

More on Pregnancy with Lyme/MSIDS:

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/06/19/33-years-of-documentation-of-maternal-child-transmission-of-lyme-disease-and-congenital-lyme-borreliosis-a-review/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/05/24/new-berlin-mom-given-life-altering-lyme-disease-diagnoses-after-pregnancy/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/10/15/pregnancy-in-lyme-dr-ann-corson/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/07/24/congenital-transmission-of-lyme-myth-or-reality/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/02/26/transplacental-transmission-fetal-damage-with-lyme-disease/  (Great videos here)

https://www.lymedisease.org/lyme-basics/lyme-disease/children/  Great read on Lyme/MSIDS in children.

https://www.lymedisease.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Image15-Jones-ABT.pdf  “Rationale for Prolonged Antibiotic Therapy in Treating Lyme Disease.”  By Charles Ray Jones, M.D.

Neurological Presentations of Bartonella henselae Infection

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/30368695/

Neurological presentations of Bartonella henselae infection.

Canneti B, et al. Neurol Sci. 2018.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Neurological symptoms in patients with cat-scratch disease (CSD) have been rarely reported. The aim of this study is to analyze the frequency of neurological CSD (NCSD) and describe the disease clinical presentation, management and outcome.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively selected patients with a CSD syndrome and Bartonella IgG titers > 1:256. Data regarding epidemiological, clinical, management, and follow-up features were analyzed and discussed. A comparison between NCSD and non-neurological CSD (NNCSD) was established.

RESULTS: Thirty-nine CSD patients were selected. NCSD frequency was 10.25%. No children were found affected in the NCSD group. A 65.7% of NNCSD and the entirety of the NCSD group had a history of cat exposure. Immunosuppression was only present in the NNCSD group (8.6%).

NCSD presentations were as follows:

  1. neuroretinitis (50%)
  2. isolated aseptic meningitis (25%)
  3. isolated optic neuritis (25%)

A greater proportion of patients in the NCSD group had fever and raised levels of acute phase reactants and white blood cells.

  • 85.7% of NNCSD had a complete recovery
  • only 50% of the NCSD patients experienced a full recovery

CONCLUSION: NCSD may be a distinctive group compared to NNCSD due to its later age of presentation, the more intense systemic response, and the poorer outcome.

___________________

**Comment**

This study shows what is being experienced in Lyme-land.  Bartonella is a big player and complicates things exponentially.  This study shows that Bartonella alone is a formidable pathogen.  It doesn’t even consider Lyme Disease as a co-factor but rather studies Bartonella alone.  Together, they are a “one, two punch,” and you are down for the count.  Throw in Babesia, a few viruses, and nematodes (all of which can be transmitted by the same bite of a singular tick) and it becomes pretty evident why patients are not improving – especially on the CDC’s mono therapy of doxycycline.  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/10/30/study-shows-lyme-msids-patients-infected-with-many-pathogens-and-explains-why-we-are-so-sick/

Please notice that only 50% of those with neurological “cat scratch disease,” (NCSD) experienced full recovery.  Imagine the percentage if Lyme was taken into account….

Also, please note the eye involvement (neuroretinitis & optic neuritis).  There are 1,000 other presentations of Bartonella as well.  Almost every patient I work with has NCSD.  Many with severe psychiatric presentations.

More on Bartonella:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2016/01/03/bartonella-treatment/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/09/07/bartonella-infectious-endocarditis-associated-with-cryoglobulinemia-multifocal-proliferative-glomerulonephritis/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/01/04/endocarditis-consider-bartonella/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/05/11/bartonella-henselae-in-children-with-congenital-heart-disease/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/11/05/skull-infection-due-to-bartonella/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/10/23/opthalmic-manifestations-of-bartonella-infection/

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/08/02/neurological-and-immunological-dysfunction-in-two-patients-with-bartonella-henselae-bacteremia/

I could seriously go on to infinity but will stop here.

Cochrane – No Longer a Collaboration

For those of you just tuning in, Cochrane is an international network of scientists promoting evidence-based medicine.  In early September, the board, by a narrow majority, ended the membership of Cochrane founder, Peter C Gotzsche.  Then, four board members promptly resigned in protest.  The trouble started brewing for Gotzsche when he spoke out against a favorable Cochrane analysis of the HPV vaccine because he felt it overlooked side effects.  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2018/09/18/evidence-based-medicine-group-in-turmoil-after-expulsion-of-co-founder/

https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2018/11/08/peter-c-gotzsche-cochrane-no-longer-a-collaboration/

Cochrane—no longer a Collaboration

by Peter C Gøtzsche

November 8, 2018

Peter C Gøtzsche discusses his expulsion from the Cochrane Collaboration

My expulsion from Cochrane’s Governing Board and the Cochrane Collaboration is well known.

As one of its founding fathers, I had great aspirations for the charity and have realised many of them. I have published many important Cochrane reviews, e.g. on mammography screening and health checks, contributed to developing the methods and reporting of research, and documented the harms of overuse of drugs. My greatest contribution to science was to get access to clinical trial data at the European Medicines Agency, a feat that many people said would be impossible. [1]

When CEO Mark Wilson dropped the word “collaboration” from the charity’s registered name, it was a sign of things to come. Wilson changed the organisation from a grass roots scientific organisation, where centres worked autonomously and embraced diversity, into a highly centralised business, focused on ”brand” and “logos,” with “one voice, one position.” I could not abide by this oppressive culture.

When Iain Chalmers started the Collaboration 25 years ago, he wrote in the invitational letter to 50 people, including me, that the collaboration is

”committed to opposing any tendency for it to become dominated by any nation, institution, or individual.” Unfortunately, Cochrane has gone in that direction.

Academic freedom has gone, scientific debates are unwelcome, and transparency is a thing of the past. Cochrane’s public statements deny this, but I am a witness on the inside and Cochrane’s show trial against me is illustrative. [2,3]

Eighteen months ago, I was elected to Cochrane’s Governing Board with the most votes of the 11 candidates. My aim was to stop the rot—what I saw as a moral slide—and I challenged the leadership on core issues and on the way it was managing the charity.

I wrote a policy a year ago that would prevent Cochrane authors from having a commercial interest in the interventions they were assessing. The Cochrane leadership stalled.

I tried to block the CEO from micromanaging centres, so researchers could be free to operate autonomously with their own funding, but failed.

I tried to uphold Cochrane’s values of publicly challenging science. But when my team challenged Cochrane’s HPV vaccine review, we came under heavy criticism.This was scientific censorship. [2, 4, 5]

The Board and the CEO believe that public debates undermine Cochrane’s reputation. I disagree. Scientific debates further science, to everyone’s benefit.

Cochrane no longer lives up to its core values of collaboration, openness, transparency, accountability, democracy and keeping the drug industry at arm’s length.

In my view, the Board and the CEO should resign. They should resign from their posts and call for independent elections to be held and respect the requests from 31 centre directors and many others for an independent investigation of the “process” against me. It’s the only way to restore this great organisation to what it once was.

The ultimate excuse for ousting me from Cochrane was my “seriously bad behaviour.” If questioning our leadership, holding the drug industry to account and criticising bad science qualifies as “seriously bad behaviour,” then I am proud to own it.

I have submitted a complaint to the Charity Commission and hope the Commission and the funder of the UK groups will help to accomplish highly needed changes in the leadership and set-up of Cochrane.

Peter C Gøtzsche is a Danish physician and medical researcher

Competing interests: None declared.

References:

1 Gøtzsche PC, Jørgensen AW. Opening up data at the European Medicines Agency. BMJ 2011;342:d2686.

2 Demasi M. Cochrane – A sinking ship? 2018; 16 Sept. https://blogs.bmj.com/bmjebmspotlight/2018/09/16/cochrane-a-sinking-ship/.

3 Hammerstein D. Regenerate Cochrane to strengthen the production of trusted evidence for the common good of public health. 2018; 8 Oct. http://www.nogracias.eu/2018/10/08/regenerate-cochrane-to-strengthen-the-production-of-trusted-evidence-for-the-common-good-of-public-health-by-david-hammerstein/.

4 Jørgensen L, Gøtzsche PC, Jefferson T. The Cochrane HPV vaccine review was incomplete and ignored important evidence of bias. BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine 2018; 27 July. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjebm-2018-111012.

5 Jørgensen L, Gøtzsche PC, Jefferson T. The Cochrane HPV vaccine review was incomplete and ignored important evidence of bias: Response to the Cochrane editors. https://ebm.bmj.com/content/early/2018/07/27/bmjebm-2018-111012.responses#the-cochrane-hpvvaccine-review-was-incomplete-and-ignored-important-evidence-of-bias-response-to-the-cochraneeditors 2018; 17 September.

_________________

**Comment**

“Science” has become little more than big pharma propaganda.  Here’s why:

https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/01/28/sit-down-science/  Industry funded “science” has tainted our world and turned science-based evidence into science-biased propaganda. Universities are laundering money through foundations to intentionally hide relationships, while scientists secretly nurture their relationships with corporate executives.  Negative outcomes go unpublished, the peer review process is so weak only studies that challenge industry interests are heavily scrutinized (usually by scientists hired by corporate public relations firms). Media is paid handsomely to ensure the public that “the science is settled,” especially when corporate liability is a primary concern.  Raw data is held captive, conflicts of interest are not fully disclosed and studies are designed to specifically obtain a desired outcome.

This is also happening regarding Lyme/MSIDS research:  https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2017/01/13/lyme-science-owned-by-good-ol-boys/

  • Sin Lee, a pathologist and scientist who directs Milford Molecular Diagnostics, has received numerous publication rejections when he attempted to rebut the oft repeated dogma that has ruled the medical world for decades regarding tick borne illness.  

 

  • Marcia Herman, Giddens, adjunct professor at Gillings School of Global Public Health at the University of North Carolina states, “There has never been a well-designed study to examine this issue,” in regard to 80% getting the EM rash.  Yet, the rash is still the gold standard in diagnosis.

 

  • Christian Perronne, physician on the infectious diseases faculty at the University of Versailles-St Quentin, France, states, “If you try to publish a little bit different from the guidelines, it’s anti-science.”

 

  • Lyme literate physician Raphael Stricker goes on record, “The primer propagates one of the biggest myths about Lyme disease diagnosis instead of acknowledging the dreadful state of 30-year-old Lyme serology and the need for better testing.”

 

  • Benjamin Luft, one of the physicians who wrote the original Lyme guidelines in 2000 admitted that he now agrees that Lyme disease can persist making it infinitely more difficult to treat as time progresses and that the cabal’s continual emphasis on “false positives” is a red herring – that early treatment has great benefit.

 

  • Raymond Dattwyler, a 1994 CDC panelist that helped write the LD guidelines, stated, “Twenty years ago I would’ve said they’re fine. Now I say,

‘oh shit, we were wrong.’ It doesn’t look as good as we thought it was.”

Yet, The Cabal continues to play cacophony but insists it’s music.

iur

We are sick, not stupid.